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Author: Olivia Aguiar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Ice hockey has one of the highest incidences of impacts to the head among team sports. Most head impacts do not result in diagnosed brain injury. Yet growing evidence shows that repetitive head impacts, even at sub-concussive levels, have serious long-term, negative effects on brain health. Efforts are required to reduce the number and severity of head impacts during game play. The goal of this thesis is to generate new evidence on how head impacts occur in ice hockey, and thereby provide an improved basis for preventing and mitigating the severity and number of these events. In partnership with the SFU Men's Ice Hockey team, we collected and analyzed video footage (N=836), paired with head kinematic data from helmet-mounted sensors (N=234) of head impact events. From video analysis, we found that head impacts occurred most often to players checked along the boards in their offensive zone, who did not have puck possession. Glass-to-head impacts represented 28% of cases, four times as common as board-to-head impacts. Hand-to-head impacts accounted for 22% of cases, twice as common as shoulder- or elbow-to-head impacts. By combining video and sensor data, we found that head rotational velocities were greater for impacts where the player was visibly affected by the collision and for impacts which received a major penalty. Building on our evidence that shoulder checks represented the most common and severe body part to impact the head in men's university hockey, we acquired laboratory measures of shoulder displacement and force production as players delivered shoulder checks at varying intensities (impact velocities). Analyzing our results with a mass-spring-damper model, we found that the effective stiffness and damping coefficient of the shoulder averaged 12.8 kN/m and 377 N-s/m, and the effective mass averaged 40.0 kg, or 47% of total body mass. By providing objective evidence on how head impacts occur in hockey, and quantifying the dynamics of a common and severe scenario (shoulder-to-head collision), our results should inform improvements in prevention through changes in rules of play, equipment/rink design, player training, and injury screening.
Author: Olivia Aguiar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Ice hockey has one of the highest incidences of impacts to the head among team sports. Most head impacts do not result in diagnosed brain injury. Yet growing evidence shows that repetitive head impacts, even at sub-concussive levels, have serious long-term, negative effects on brain health. Efforts are required to reduce the number and severity of head impacts during game play. The goal of this thesis is to generate new evidence on how head impacts occur in ice hockey, and thereby provide an improved basis for preventing and mitigating the severity and number of these events. In partnership with the SFU Men's Ice Hockey team, we collected and analyzed video footage (N=836), paired with head kinematic data from helmet-mounted sensors (N=234) of head impact events. From video analysis, we found that head impacts occurred most often to players checked along the boards in their offensive zone, who did not have puck possession. Glass-to-head impacts represented 28% of cases, four times as common as board-to-head impacts. Hand-to-head impacts accounted for 22% of cases, twice as common as shoulder- or elbow-to-head impacts. By combining video and sensor data, we found that head rotational velocities were greater for impacts where the player was visibly affected by the collision and for impacts which received a major penalty. Building on our evidence that shoulder checks represented the most common and severe body part to impact the head in men's university hockey, we acquired laboratory measures of shoulder displacement and force production as players delivered shoulder checks at varying intensities (impact velocities). Analyzing our results with a mass-spring-damper model, we found that the effective stiffness and damping coefficient of the shoulder averaged 12.8 kN/m and 377 N-s/m, and the effective mass averaged 40.0 kg, or 47% of total body mass. By providing objective evidence on how head impacts occur in hockey, and quantifying the dynamics of a common and severe scenario (shoulder-to-head collision), our results should inform improvements in prevention through changes in rules of play, equipment/rink design, player training, and injury screening.
Author: Society of Automotive Engineers
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
Thirteen papers from the biomechanics technical sessions of the 2002 SAE congress use laboratory experiments, computer models, and field data to evaluate the human body's kinematics, kinetics, and injury potential in response to impact loads caused by automobile accidents. Topics include finite elem
Author: Jeff Victoroff
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107073952
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 895
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Book Description
Readers will discover how very recent scientific advances have overthrown a century of dogma about concussive brain injury.
Author: Brittany Pennock
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Head injuries in sport have become a growing concern due to the negative acute and chronic health effects manifested from concussion injuries. Ice hockey is a sport associated with a high rate of concussions, although most research has focused on concussions in men's hockey. Comparatively, women's hockey has not only seen a drastic increase in participation rates, but female hockey players also exhibit a higher concussion rate than male players, despite the "no body contact" rule that is founding characteristic of women's hockey. In fact, female hockey players may be more at risk for concussions than their male counterparts. The concerning prevalence of concussions in women's hockey has been identified, yet the factors contributing to the high risk of concussions are still unclear. Among others, factors such as cervical muscle strength, head impact location, and impact mechanism have all been discussed in the literature as potential variables influencing the risk of concussion in athletes. The influence of these factors on head impact biomechanics, however, have not been thoroughly investigated. Furthermore, women experience high rates of concussion that have been potentially linked to decreased cervical muscle strength; however, there is little research that has characterized cervical muscle strength among female hockey players and limited research that has developed a set of normative data for female hockey players. Consequently, the purpose of this study was twofold. The first purpose was to develop normative data on the isometric cervical muscle strength and anthropometrics of female hockey players. The second purpose was to examine the effect of neckform torque, head impact location, and impact mechanism on simulated head impact measures of peak linear acceleration, shear force, and injury risk in female hockey players. To address the first purpose, the isometric cervical strength of a sample of female hockey players (n= 25) was measured in flexion, extension, and side flexion. An average of the muscle strength in these three directions was then calculated to develop an average overall isometric cervical strength measure for each athlete. Overall cervical strength measures of 58.64 N, 76.01 N, and 108.27 N (SD=17.52 N) represented the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles, respectively, of the normally distributed dataset created from the sample. These measures were then scaled and transformed into torque measures to be appropriately modelled on a mechanical neckform to address Part II of the simulation study. The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile isometric cervical strength measures corresponded to torque measures of 1.36 Nm (weak), 2.94 Nm (average), and 4.62 Nm (strong), respectively, as established through calibration and transformation of the data. To address the second purpose, three neckform torques (weak, average, and strong), three helmet impact locations (front, rear, and side), and two impact mechanisms (direct and whiplash+impact) were tested at 16 different drop speeds using a dual-rail vertical drop system. The outcome measures included peak linear acceleration, shear force, and Gadd Severity Index, as these are variables commonly used to assess concussions in athletes.
Author: M. D. Gilchrist
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9781402037955
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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Book Description
Substantial fundamental work has been undertaken in the different aspects of impact biomechanics over the past three decades. Much of this has been motivated and undertaken by the automotive industry in their efforts to improve transport safety. More recently, however, it has become apparent that the multidisciplinary synergies which are realised by interactions between engineers, scientists and clinical practitioners will ultimately lead to a greater understanding of the complex interacting phenomena within the human body after it has sustained an impact. In turn, this greater depth of knowledge will provide more fundamental insights into the analysis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of impact injuries across a broader spectrum of accident environments. This book contains the edited papers of the IUTAM Symposium on the Biomechanics of Impact, which was held in University College Dublin, Ireland in July 2005. These papers can be grouped into those that are concerned with the different causes of accidents (e.g., transport, occupational and sports injuries), the mechanics involved in accident analysis (e.g., accident investigation, computational modelling techniques), the different types of resulting traumatic injuries (including musculoskeletal, organ, spinal and head injuries), methods of assessing the extent of injury (e.g., injury assessment, injury criteria, constitutive laws for human tissue), and providing protection during an impact (e.g., injury prevention, energy absorption materials, and safety devices). Researchers active in the area of biomechanics will find the book very useful in addressing recent developments in these areas.
Author: Talia Ignacy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Concussions are a problem in competitive sports with growing concern over the acute and long-term consequences of repetitive head trauma. Participation in sport increases risk of concussion, particularly contact sports including rugby, hockey and football (Harmon et al., 2013). In rugby league, there are between 8.0-17.5 concussions/1000 player hours, representing roughly 10-15% of all injuries in the sport (Gardner et al., 2015). Shoulder, head, hip and knee are reported to be the most common regions that impact the head and are responsible for the greatest number of concussive injuries in rugby (Cusimano et al., 2013; Fuller et al., 2010; Gardner et al., 2014; Toth, Mcneil, & Feasby, 2005). In each of the common injury events reported in elite men's rugby, there are unique combinations of impact conditions which include effective mass, compliance, velocity and location of impact. The head-to-head event represents a low mass, low compliance event, whereby the hip and shoulder-to-head collisions represents high mass, high compliance events. Scientists have conducted research in an effort to describe incidence and mechanisms of concussive injury in rugby, however, little is known about the biomechanics of head injury in the sport (Fréchède & Mcintosh, 2009; Fréchède & McIntosh, 2007; McIntosh et al., 2000). The purpose of this thesis is to characterize dynamic response and brain tissue deformation for (1) hip-to-head, (2) shoulder-to-head, (3) knee-to-head, and (4) head-to-head concussion events in men's rugby. Twenty-nine (29) impact videos of diagnosed concussive injuries associated with the four common injury events were reconstructed in the Neurotrauma Impact Science Lab. Head-to-head impacts were reconstructed in this study using a pendulum system, while hip, shoulder and knee to head impacts were reconstructed using the pneumatic linear impactor. Results of this study demonstrate that the common injury events resulting in concussion in elite men's rugby have different dynamic response characteristics. Head-to-head events produced significantly greater peak linear and peak rotational acceleration, however no significant differences in maximum principal strain between the injury events. Results of this study can be useful in reducing rates and severity of concussive injury in rugby.
Author: Kai-Uwe Schmitt
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642539203
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 252
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Book Description
For the 4th edition of Trauma Biomechanics all existing chapters referring to traffic and sports have been revised and updated. New scientific knowledge and changes in legal defaults (such as norms and standards of crash tests) have been integrated. Additionally one chapter has been added where biomechanical aspects of injuries affected by high energies are communicated in a new way. The mechanical basics for ballistics and explosions are described and the respective impacts on human bodies are discussed. The new edition with the additional chapter therefore is addressed to a broader audience than the previous one.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309288037
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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Book Description
In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.
Author: Irving P. Herman
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319239325
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 963
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Book Description
This book comprehensively addresses the physics and engineering aspects of human physiology by using and building on first-year college physics and mathematics. Topics include the mechanics of the static body and the body in motion, the mechanical properties of the body, muscles in the body, the energetics of body metabolism, fluid flow in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the acoustics of sound waves in speaking and hearing, vision and the optics of the eye, the electrical properties of the body, and the basic engineering principles of feedback and control in regulating all aspects of function. The goal of this text is to clearly explain the physics issues concerning the human body, in part by developing and then using simple and subsequently more refined models of the macrophysics of the human body. Many chapters include a brief review of the underlying physics. There are problems at the end of each chapter; solutions to selected problems are also provided. This second edition enhances the treatments of the physics of motion, sports, and diseases and disorders, and integrates discussions of these topics as they appear throughout the book. Also, it briefly addresses physical measurements of and in the body, and offers a broader selection of problems, which, as in the first edition, are geared to a range of student levels. This text is geared to undergraduates interested in physics, medical applications of physics, quantitative physiology, medicine, and biomedical engineering.
Author: Aleksandar Subic
Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
ISBN: 0081025831
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 606
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Book Description
Materials in Sports Equipment, Second Edition, provides a detailed review on the design and performance of materials in sports apparel, equipment and surfaces in a broad range of sporting applications. Chapters cover materials modeling, non-destructive testing, design issues for sports apparel, skull and mouth protection, and new chapters on artificial sport surfaces, anthropometric design customization, and 3D printing in sports equipment. In addition, the book covers sports-specific design and material choices in a range of key sports, from baseball, rowing, and archery, to ice hockey, snowboarding, and fishing. Users will find a valuable resource that explicitly links materials, engineering and design principles directly to sports applications, thus making it an essential resource to materials scientists, engineers, sports equipment designers and sports manufacturers developing products in this evolving field. - Provides both updated and new chapters on recent developments in the design and performance of advanced materials in a number of sports applications - Discusses varying aspects, such as the modeling of materials behavior and non-destructive testing - Analyzes the aerodynamic properties of materials and the design of sports apparel and smart materials - Explores new topics on athletic equipment, such as 3D printing and anthropometric design customization and on artificial sports surfaces
