Biodiesel Production from Sludge Palm Oil by Esterification and Transesterification Processes PDF Download
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Author: Adeeb Hayyan Alrazzouk
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 358
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Book Description
Sludge palm oil (SPO) is a by-product of the milling process and according to Malaysian Palm Oil Board, the annual production of SPO reaches 41 million tonnes. A huge amount of SPO needs to be utilized to produce beneficial products such as biodiesel fuel. This study develops a process to pretreat the SPO and produce biodiesel within the standard specifications for biodiesel fuel. An acid-catalyzed esterification process was carried out in pretreatment of SPO with alcohol to esterify the free fatty acid (FFA) before trasestifying the triacylglycerols (TG) with an alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel fuel. The design of experiments for biodiesel production from SPO by esterification and transesterification processes were applied by single factor optimization. The results of SPO pretreatment indicated significant effect in the reduction of FFA content using strong acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric and toluene-4-sulfonic monohydrate acid (PTSA) compared to weak acids such as orthophosphoric acid, acetic acid and formic acid. Based on the process performance, PTSA and sulfuric acid were selected for further optimization of esterification process. The optimum conditions for pretreatment process by esterification using PTSA as acid catalyst were 0.75% (wt/wt) dosage of PTSA to SPO, 10:1 molar ratio, 60oC temperature, 60 minutes reaction time and 400 rpm stirrer speed. Using these optimum conditions the FFA content was reduced from 22.33% to 1.4%, yield of treated SPO and conversion of FFA to fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) were 96% and 90.93% respectively. The highest yield of biodiesel after transesterification using fixed conditions was 76.62% with 0.07% FFA and 96% mol/mol ester content. The optimum conditions for pretreatment process by esterification using sulfuric acid were 1% (wt/wt) dosage of sulfuric acid to SPO, 8:1 molar ratio, 60oC temperature, 60 minutes reaction time and 400 rpm stirrer speed. Using these optimum conditions the FFA was reduced from 22.33% to 0.88%, yield of treated SPO and conversion of FFA to FAME were 96% and 96.06% respectively. The highest yield of biodiesel after transesterification using fixed conditions was 77.66% with 0.0698% FFA and 97% mol/mol ester content. The kinetics study revealed that the esterification reaction of SPO was second order reaction; moreover it was shown that the reaction rate (K) and regression coefficient (R2) were higher using sulfuric acid compared to PTSA. Sulfuric acid was selected as acid catalyst for pretreatment process of SPO based on cost, process performance and reaction rate. Optimum results of transesterification reaction were 1% wt/wt KOH with the molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, reaction time 30 minutes, temperature 55oC and stirrer speed 300 rpm. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained after transesterification reaction and purification was 88% with ester content of 99% mol/mol and 0.07% FFA. The biodiesel produced from SPO was favorable as compared to EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards.
Author: Adeeb Hayyan Alrazzouk
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 358
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Book Description
Sludge palm oil (SPO) is a by-product of the milling process and according to Malaysian Palm Oil Board, the annual production of SPO reaches 41 million tonnes. A huge amount of SPO needs to be utilized to produce beneficial products such as biodiesel fuel. This study develops a process to pretreat the SPO and produce biodiesel within the standard specifications for biodiesel fuel. An acid-catalyzed esterification process was carried out in pretreatment of SPO with alcohol to esterify the free fatty acid (FFA) before trasestifying the triacylglycerols (TG) with an alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel fuel. The design of experiments for biodiesel production from SPO by esterification and transesterification processes were applied by single factor optimization. The results of SPO pretreatment indicated significant effect in the reduction of FFA content using strong acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric and toluene-4-sulfonic monohydrate acid (PTSA) compared to weak acids such as orthophosphoric acid, acetic acid and formic acid. Based on the process performance, PTSA and sulfuric acid were selected for further optimization of esterification process. The optimum conditions for pretreatment process by esterification using PTSA as acid catalyst were 0.75% (wt/wt) dosage of PTSA to SPO, 10:1 molar ratio, 60oC temperature, 60 minutes reaction time and 400 rpm stirrer speed. Using these optimum conditions the FFA content was reduced from 22.33% to 1.4%, yield of treated SPO and conversion of FFA to fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) were 96% and 90.93% respectively. The highest yield of biodiesel after transesterification using fixed conditions was 76.62% with 0.07% FFA and 96% mol/mol ester content. The optimum conditions for pretreatment process by esterification using sulfuric acid were 1% (wt/wt) dosage of sulfuric acid to SPO, 8:1 molar ratio, 60oC temperature, 60 minutes reaction time and 400 rpm stirrer speed. Using these optimum conditions the FFA was reduced from 22.33% to 0.88%, yield of treated SPO and conversion of FFA to FAME were 96% and 96.06% respectively. The highest yield of biodiesel after transesterification using fixed conditions was 77.66% with 0.0698% FFA and 97% mol/mol ester content. The kinetics study revealed that the esterification reaction of SPO was second order reaction; moreover it was shown that the reaction rate (K) and regression coefficient (R2) were higher using sulfuric acid compared to PTSA. Sulfuric acid was selected as acid catalyst for pretreatment process of SPO based on cost, process performance and reaction rate. Optimum results of transesterification reaction were 1% wt/wt KOH with the molar ratio of methanol to oil 6:1, reaction time 30 minutes, temperature 55oC and stirrer speed 300 rpm. The highest yield of biodiesel obtained after transesterification reaction and purification was 88% with ester content of 99% mol/mol and 0.07% FFA. The biodiesel produced from SPO was favorable as compared to EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards.
Author: Ricca Rahman binti Nasaruddin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biodiesel fuels
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
Biodiesel is a non-toxic, renewable and biodegradable fuel that can replace the fossil fuels which have issues on toxic emissions, higher price and depleting reserve. The high cost of biodiesel feedstock can be reduced by using low cost and abundant waste oils such as sludge palm oil (SPO) especially in Malaysia which produces 40 million tons SPO per year. In this study, SPO with a high free fatty acids (FFA) content (51.64 ± 0.59% as palmitic acid) was used to produce biodiesel using locallyproduced Candida cylindracea lipase fermented from palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a low-cost basal medium. The concentration of lipase was 0.15 mg/ml and its activity was 4.76 U/ml at pH 5. The inhibition of lipase activity was reduced by investigating the suitable solvent system and process conditions using one factor at a time (OFAT) method. In the study of solvent system, ethanol was found to be a better alcohol as the acyl-acceptor rather than methanol. The optimum factors of ethanol solvent system were studied and the results were 4:1 ethanol/SPO molar ratio in the presence of small water content (1:15 - 1:10 water/SPO volume ratio). The optimum factors of process conditions were 10 U/25g of SPO enzyme loading, 400C reaction temperature, 250 rpm mixing speed and 24 hours reaction time. The highest conversion of FFA into biodiesel (Conversion) and the total yield of biodiesel (YT) of the OFAT study was 12.0% and 62.3 % (w/w SPO) respectively. Statistical optimization of process conditions was done using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal level of inputs predicted by RSM were 10 U/25g of SPO, 410C reaction temperature and 250 rpm mixing speed with Conversion and YT equal to 15.5% and 57.5% (w/w SPO) respectively. The kinetic study revealed that the reaction rate was faster at 0 to 3 hours which is 3.9% yield of fatty acid ethyl ester per hour (YFAEE/h) then it became slower at 0.6% YFAEE/h. The enzymatic biodiesel production of the optimum condition was first order reaction with reaction rate (K) and regression coefficient (R2) equal to 0.028 hour-1 and 0.900 respectively. The enzymatic biodiesel production was improved by adding co-solvent which acts as lipase stabilizer. The highest Conversion and YT were 28.8% and 71.6 % (w/w SPO) respectively with the addition of ter-butanol at 2:1 tert-butanol/SPO molar ratio. The biodiesel was characterised by 27.91% of triacylglyceride (TAG), 14.09 % of diacylglyceride (DAG), 1.91% of monoacylglyceride (MAG), 35.13% of FFA and 20.94% of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE). The SPO and locally produced lipase were found to have a promising potential for enzymatic biodiesel production.
Author: Anita Becker
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
ISBN: 9781536145458
Category : Alcoholysis
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Transesterification is an organic reaction in which the organic group R of an ester is exchanged with another organic group R of an alcohol according to a mechanism called alcoholysis. In this compilation, the authors address the way the transesterification process has become widely popular in biodiesel production, on an industrial scale, by reaction of triglyceride with short-length alcohol (methanol and/or ethanol).Next, Jatropha curcas Linnaeus, a non-edible raw material, is discussed as an attractive alternative for biodiesel production. The heterogeneous acid catalysis of this second-generation raw material is examined, including the mechanisms of esterification of fatty acids and transesterification of the triacylglycerides present in Jatropha curcas L. oil.In biodiesel generation, the transesterification reaction is the main process used for vegetable oils, animal fats, waste cooking oil or micro/macroalgae. Thus, the authors propose that catalysts such as acid and base or enzymes should be used to improve the rate of production.The closing portion of this collection reviews the use of transesterification reactions within laboratory courses of environmental and sustainable chemistry programmes for undergraduate chemistry students over the past 15 years. The authors propose that in the future, these experiments should be revised to include discussions of process sustainability and illustrations of life-cycle analysis approaches to bio-fuel production.
Author: Martin Mittelbach
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 350
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Book Description
Author: Margarita Stoytcheva
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9533077131
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 474
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Book Description
The book "Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Processing Technologies" is intended to provide a professional look on the recent achievements and emerging trends in biodiesel production. It includes 22 chapters, organized in two sections. The first book section: "Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production" covers issues associated with the utilization of cost effective non-edible raw materials and wastes, and the development of biomass feedstock with physical and chemical properties that facilitate it processing to biodiesel. These include Brassicaceae spp., cooking oils, animal fat wastes, oleaginous fungi, and algae. The second book section: "Biodiesel Production Methods" is devoted to the advanced techniques for biodiesel synthesis: supercritical transesterification, microwaves, radio frequency and ultrasound techniques, reactive distillation, and optimized transesterification processes making use of solid catalysts and immobilized enzymes. The adequate and up-to-date information provided in this book should be of interest for research scientist, students, and technologists, involved in biodiesel production.
Author: Roland Kalonji
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
ISBN: 3668614873
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Book Description
Project Report from the year 2017 in the subject Engineering - Industrial Engineering and Management, , language: English, abstract: The conventional approach of biodiesel production is transesterification, using oil and alcohol in the presence of a catalyst with glycerol as a by-product of the reaction. Product quality is dependent on the type and amount of catalyst, type of oil feedstock, alcohol-to-oil ratio, etc. In terms of the best process, currently the alkali catalyzed process is the most profitable while the enzymatic based one is even more promising due to the lower consumption of energy and water; however it requires that the enzyme cost is reduced. The reason that biodiesel is not utilized widely around the world is due to the high cost of raw materials. To overcome this, one can use lower quality oils, such as Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). A lot of research has been carried out on the production of biodiesel from fresh vegetable and animal oil sources but the use of Waste Cooking Oil, such as palm oil, etc. has not been well documented. Then the aim of this current project is to analyze and optimize the conditions for biodiesel production from Waste Cooking Oil, by investigating interaction effects among process variables (temperature, oil-to-methanol molar ratio and catalyst loading) using SPC and other tools. Thus this project focuses on making biodiesel processes better and more efficient.
Author: Tanarkorn Sukjit
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Author: Samuel Paul Raj
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811647755
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 676
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Book Description
This book offers an exhaustive coverage of process modifications in biodiesel production from oil drawn from 84 oleaginous plant species occurring in all parts of the world, thereby enlisting the scope and potential of many new and non-conventionally obscure plant sources. Biodiesel, now prepared from major vegetable oils, has become a compulsion to offset the dwindling reserve of petro-diesel, which naturally intrudes into the cooking oil demand. This has necessitated search for new sources. The book consolidates the biodiesel production from oils being extracted from conventional plants and also from a plethora of new and non-conventional plants along with their habit and habitats, history of biodiesel’s invention, explanation on species-wise biodiesel process variables, catalytic inclusions, global standards, fuel properties varying with species, blending benefits, cost effectiveness, shelf life, ignition characteristics, fuel consumption and engine performances with eco-friendly exhaust. This book is of immense use to teachers, researchers, scientists of climatology and carbon footprint, energy consultants, fuel chemists, students of agriculture and forestry, automobile engineering, industrial chemistry, environmental sciences and policy makers or anyone who wishes to scale up the biodiesel industry.
Author: A. Arumugam
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 032385897X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 263
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Book Description
Production of Biodiesel from Non-Edible Sources: Technological Updates offers a step-by-step guide to the production of biodiesel, providing comparisons of existing methods, new and state-of-the-art technologies, and real-world examples of implementation. The book discusses all potential non-edible feedstocks for biodiesel production, providing their properties, availability, and processing, including deeper insights into kinetic models and simulation of biodiesel fermentation. Readers will gain knowledge of existing parameters and methods for biodiesel production, optimization, scale-up, and sustainability, along with guidance on the practical implementation of these methods and techniques. Finally, environmental sustainability, techno-economic analysis, and policymaking aspects are considered and put into the context of future prospects. This book offers a step-by-step guide for researchers and industry practitioners involved in bioenergy, renewable energy, biofuels production and bioconversion processes. - Provides step-by-step guidance on key processes and procedures - Reviews all the available non-edible feedstocks for biodiesel production and presents their properties, pros and cons - Presents pilot and industry-scale case studies on the implementation of biodiesel production from non-edible feedstocks - Addresses optimization, environmental sustainability, economic viability and policy issues to support commercialization
Author: Jan C.J. Bart
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1845697766
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 859
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Book Description
Biodiesel production is a rapidly advancing field worldwide, with biodiesel fuel increasingly being used in compression ignition (diesel) engines. Biodiesel has been extensively studied and utilised in developed countries, and it is increasingly being introduced in developing countries, especially in regions with high potential for sustainable biodiesel production.Initial sections systematically review feedstock resources and vegetable oil formulations, including the economics of vegetable oil conversion to diesel fuel, with additional coverage of emerging energy crops for biodiesel production. Further sections review the transesterification process, including chemical (catalysis) and biochemical (biocatalysis) processes, with extended coverage of industrial process technology and control methods, and standards for biodiesel fuel quality assurance. Final chapters cover the sustainability, performance and environmental issues of biodiesel production, as well as routes to improve glycerol by-product usage and the development of next-generation products.Biodiesel science and technology: From soil to oil provides a comprehensive reference to fuel engineers, researchers and academics on the technological developments involved in improving biodiesel quality and production capacity that are crucial to the future of the industry. - Evaluates biodiesel as a renewable energy source and documents global biodiesel development - The outlook for biodiesel science and technology is presented exploring the challenges faced by the global diesel industry - Reviews feedstock resources and vegetable oil formation including emerging crops and the agronomic potential of underexploited oil crops
