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Author: S. Chapman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401033994
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 209
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Book Description
Everyone is familiar with the daily changes of air temperature. The barometer shows that these are accompanied by daily changes of mass distribution of the atmosphere, and consequently with daily motions of the air. In the tropics the daily pressure change is evident on the barographs; in temperate and higher latitudes it is not noticeable, being overwhelmed by cyclonic and anticyclonic pressure variations. There too, however, the daily change can be found by averaging the variations over many days; and the same process suffices to show that there is a still smaller lunar tide in the atmosphere, first sought by Laplace. Throughout nearly two centuries these 'tides', thermal and gravitational, have been extensively discussed in the periodical literature of science, although they are very minor phenomena at ground level. This monograph summarizes our present knowledge and theoretical under standing of them. It is more than twenty years since the appearance of the one previous monograph on them - by Wilkes - and nearly a decade since they were last comprehensively reviewed, by Siebert. The intervening years have seen many additions to our know ledge of the state of the upper atmosphere, and of the tides there, on the basis of measurements by radio, rockets and satellites.
Author: S. Chapman
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401033994
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 209
Get Book Here
Book Description
Everyone is familiar with the daily changes of air temperature. The barometer shows that these are accompanied by daily changes of mass distribution of the atmosphere, and consequently with daily motions of the air. In the tropics the daily pressure change is evident on the barographs; in temperate and higher latitudes it is not noticeable, being overwhelmed by cyclonic and anticyclonic pressure variations. There too, however, the daily change can be found by averaging the variations over many days; and the same process suffices to show that there is a still smaller lunar tide in the atmosphere, first sought by Laplace. Throughout nearly two centuries these 'tides', thermal and gravitational, have been extensively discussed in the periodical literature of science, although they are very minor phenomena at ground level. This monograph summarizes our present knowledge and theoretical under standing of them. It is more than twenty years since the appearance of the one previous monograph on them - by Wilkes - and nearly a decade since they were last comprehensively reviewed, by Siebert. The intervening years have seen many additions to our know ledge of the state of the upper atmosphere, and of the tides there, on the basis of measurements by radio, rockets and satellites.
Author: Walter Dieminger
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642787177
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1023
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Book Description
Especially due to the increasing environmental problems there is a need to collect as many data as possible in the upper atmosphere. This book serves as a general multidisciplinary guide and introduction for a more effective use of the large amount of now available data from the Earth's atmosphere. It also shows the problems of the use of large amounts of time series data - for basic science as well as for environmental monitoring - and the related information systems. The book is aimed for scientists and students interested in the Earth's atmosphere which is vital for the understanding of environmental changes in the global system Earth.
Author: Hans Volland
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9789027726308
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 370
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Book Description
Prior to the space age, meteorologists rarely paid particular attention to the height regions above the tropopause. What was known about the upper atmosphere above about 100 km came essentially from ionospheric and geomagnetic research. The region in between, presently known as the middle atmosphere, was almost terra incognita above the height reachable by balloons. It was space research that allowed for the first time direct access to middle and upper atmospheric heights. About 40 years ago, Sidney Chapman coined a new word 'aeronomy' to describe the study of these two height regions. When asked about the difference between aeronomy and meteorology, he allegedly replied: 'it is the same as between astronomy and astrology' . This mild irony indicates the preferred prejudice of many ionospheric physicists and geomagneticians in those days toward meteorology as a descriptive rather than an exact science, in spite of the presence of such giants as Carl Rossby and Hans Ertel.
Author: Sykes (Colonel, William Henry)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Meteorology
Languages : en
Pages : 78
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Book Description
Author: J. M. Forbes
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric models
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Book Description
This report documents the equations, coefficient parameterizations, method of numerical solution, and results from a theoretical (numerical) model of atmospheric tidal oscillations from the surface to 400 km. The westerly, northerly, and vertical winds and temperature are governed by four second order partial differential equations derived from the perturbation fluid equations for momentum, continuity, thermal energy, and the ideal gas law applied to a spherical, rotating, viscous atmosphere with anisotropic ion drag. The equations represent perturbations about a basic atmospheric state with latitude- and height-dependent mean winds, temperature, and composition. Model parameterizations described include mean winds and temperatures, molecular and eddy viscosity and thermal conductivity, ion-neutral collision frequency for momentum transfer, and solar thermal and lunar gravitational forcing. Thermal excitation occurs via absorption of EUV and UV radiation in the thermosphere, H2O insolation absorption in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, and O3 insolation absorption in the mesosphere. Ion-neutral coupling provides an important semidiurnal momentum source in the F-region. In addition, extensive tabulations and figures representing numerical solutions of diurnal and semidiurnal temperatures and winds every 6 deg of latitude from the surface to 400 km are presented for equinox and solstice conditions.
Author: Sydney Chapman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric tides
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: J. M. Forbes
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmosphere, Upper
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
A comprehensive review of recent theoretical and observational accomplishments relating to diurnal and semidiurnal tidal oscillations of neutral winds, temperature, density, and composition above 100 km is presented. Topics emphasized include: Recent theoretical studies; Solar cycle, seasonal, and latitudinal variations in tidal oscillations of temperature and winds as inferred from Thomson scatter measurements; Tidal variations in total mass density and composition as inferred from satellite accelerometer and mass spectrometer measurements; Comparison of recent theoretical models with the above observations; The relative influence of in situ and propagating tides in determining the total semidiurnal thermospheric tide; and Propagating tides of lower atmosphere origin as a source of mean momentum and heat in the lower thermosphere.
Author: Jeffrey M. Forbes
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric tides
Languages : en
Pages : 372
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Book Description
Author: Hans Volland
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400928610
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 358
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Book Description
Prior to the space age, meteorologists rarely paid particular attention to the height regions above the tropopause. What was known about the upper atmosphere above about 100 km came essentially from ionospheric and geomagnetic research. The region in between, presently known as the middle atmosphere, was almost terra incognita above the height reachable by balloons. It was space research that allowed for the first time direct access to middle and upper atmospheric heights. About 40 years ago, Sidney Chapman coined a new word 'aeronomy' to describe the study of these two height regions. When asked about the difference between aeronomy and meteorology, he allegedly replied: 'it is the same as between astronomy and astrology' . This mild irony indicates the preferred prejudice of many ionospheric physicists and geomagneticians in those days toward meteorology as a descriptive rather than an exact science, in spite of the presence of such giants as Carl Rossby and Hans Ertel.
Author: J. M. Forbes
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric temperature
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
Solutions to the thermospheric tidal equations are described that define the extensions into the thermosphere of normalized wind and temperature structures associated with the (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), and (2,5) semidiurnal propagation tidal modes. The degree of alteration of vertical structures with latitude, and the change in horizontal shapes with height, corresponding to semi-diurnal oscillations in northerly, westerly, and vertical velocity, and to temperature in the thermosphere are examined and implications to modeling the thermosphere are discussed. Extensive figures and tables covering the 80-400 km altitude region for five levels of solar activity at 6 deg latitude increments are provided for potential users. The structures can be used to extend meteor wind (80-100 km) and partial reflection drift (60-100 km) measurements to above 100 km for consistency checks with tidal winds and temperatures from Thomson scatter measurements at possibly different latitudes, or to simultaneously fit data covering these height regions for modeling purposes.
