Author: Peter Galison
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262071908
Category : Architecture and science
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Table of Contents The Architecture of Science by Galison, Peter L. (Editor); Edelman, Shimon (Editor); Thompson, Emily (Editor) Terms of Use Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors 1 Buildings and the Subject of Science Peter Galison 1 Of Secrecy and Openness: Science and Architecture in Early Modern Europe 2 Masculine Prerogatives: Gender, Space, and Knowledge in the Early Modern Museum Paula Findlen 3 Alchemical Symbolism and Concealment: The Chemical House of Libavius William R. Newman 4 Openness and Empiricism: Values and Meaning in Early Architectural Writings and in Seventeenth-Century Experimental Philosophy Pamela O. Long II Displaying and Concealing Technics in the Nineteenth Century 5 Architecture for Steam M. Norton Wise 6 Illuminating the Opacity of Achromatic Lens Production: Joseph von Fraunhofer's Use of Monastic Architecture and Space as a Laboratory Myles W. Jackson 7 The Spaces of Cultural Representation, circa 1887 and 1969: Reflections on Museum Arrangement and Anthropological Theory in the Boasian and Evolutionary Traditions George W. Stocking Jr. 8 Bricks and Bones: Architecture and Science in Victorian Britian Sophie Forgan III Modern Space 9 "Spatial Mechanics": Scientific Metaphors in Architecture Adrian Forty 10 Diagramming the New World, or Hannes Meyer's "Scientization" of Architecture K. Michael Hays 11 Listening to/for Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Development of Modern Spaces in America Emily Thompson 12 Of Beds and Benches: Building the Modern American Hospital Allan M. Brandt and David C. Sloane IV Is Architecture Science? 13 Architecture, Science, and Technology Antoine Picon 14 Architecture as Science: Analogy or Disjunction? Alberto Perez-Gomez 15 The Mutual Limits of Architecture and Science Kenneth Frampton 16 The Hounding of the Snark Denise Scott Brown V Princeton After Modernism: the Lewis Thomas Laboratory for Molecular Biology 17 Thoughts on the Architecture of the Scientific Workplace: Community, Change, and Continuity Robert Venturi 18 The Design Process for the Human Workplace James Collins Jr. 19 Life in the Lewis Thomas Laboratory Arnold J. Levine 20 Two Faces on Science: Building Identities for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Thomas F. Gieryn VI Centers, Cities, and Colliders 21 Architecture at Fermilab Robert R. Wilson 22 The Architecture of Science: From D'Arcy Thompson to the SSC Moshe Safdie 23 Factory, Laboratory, Studio: Dispersing Sites of Production Peter Galison and Caroline A. Jones Index Descriptive content provided by Syndetics"! a Bowker service
The Architecture of Science
Author: Peter Galison
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262071908
Category : Architecture and science
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Table of Contents The Architecture of Science by Galison, Peter L. (Editor); Edelman, Shimon (Editor); Thompson, Emily (Editor) Terms of Use Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors 1 Buildings and the Subject of Science Peter Galison 1 Of Secrecy and Openness: Science and Architecture in Early Modern Europe 2 Masculine Prerogatives: Gender, Space, and Knowledge in the Early Modern Museum Paula Findlen 3 Alchemical Symbolism and Concealment: The Chemical House of Libavius William R. Newman 4 Openness and Empiricism: Values and Meaning in Early Architectural Writings and in Seventeenth-Century Experimental Philosophy Pamela O. Long II Displaying and Concealing Technics in the Nineteenth Century 5 Architecture for Steam M. Norton Wise 6 Illuminating the Opacity of Achromatic Lens Production: Joseph von Fraunhofer's Use of Monastic Architecture and Space as a Laboratory Myles W. Jackson 7 The Spaces of Cultural Representation, circa 1887 and 1969: Reflections on Museum Arrangement and Anthropological Theory in the Boasian and Evolutionary Traditions George W. Stocking Jr. 8 Bricks and Bones: Architecture and Science in Victorian Britian Sophie Forgan III Modern Space 9 "Spatial Mechanics": Scientific Metaphors in Architecture Adrian Forty 10 Diagramming the New World, or Hannes Meyer's "Scientization" of Architecture K. Michael Hays 11 Listening to/for Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Development of Modern Spaces in America Emily Thompson 12 Of Beds and Benches: Building the Modern American Hospital Allan M. Brandt and David C. Sloane IV Is Architecture Science? 13 Architecture, Science, and Technology Antoine Picon 14 Architecture as Science: Analogy or Disjunction? Alberto Perez-Gomez 15 The Mutual Limits of Architecture and Science Kenneth Frampton 16 The Hounding of the Snark Denise Scott Brown V Princeton After Modernism: the Lewis Thomas Laboratory for Molecular Biology 17 Thoughts on the Architecture of the Scientific Workplace: Community, Change, and Continuity Robert Venturi 18 The Design Process for the Human Workplace James Collins Jr. 19 Life in the Lewis Thomas Laboratory Arnold J. Levine 20 Two Faces on Science: Building Identities for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Thomas F. Gieryn VI Centers, Cities, and Colliders 21 Architecture at Fermilab Robert R. Wilson 22 The Architecture of Science: From D'Arcy Thompson to the SSC Moshe Safdie 23 Factory, Laboratory, Studio: Dispersing Sites of Production Peter Galison and Caroline A. Jones Index Descriptive content provided by Syndetics"! a Bowker service
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262071908
Category : Architecture and science
Languages : en
Pages : 304
Book Description
Table of Contents The Architecture of Science by Galison, Peter L. (Editor); Edelman, Shimon (Editor); Thompson, Emily (Editor) Terms of Use Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors 1 Buildings and the Subject of Science Peter Galison 1 Of Secrecy and Openness: Science and Architecture in Early Modern Europe 2 Masculine Prerogatives: Gender, Space, and Knowledge in the Early Modern Museum Paula Findlen 3 Alchemical Symbolism and Concealment: The Chemical House of Libavius William R. Newman 4 Openness and Empiricism: Values and Meaning in Early Architectural Writings and in Seventeenth-Century Experimental Philosophy Pamela O. Long II Displaying and Concealing Technics in the Nineteenth Century 5 Architecture for Steam M. Norton Wise 6 Illuminating the Opacity of Achromatic Lens Production: Joseph von Fraunhofer's Use of Monastic Architecture and Space as a Laboratory Myles W. Jackson 7 The Spaces of Cultural Representation, circa 1887 and 1969: Reflections on Museum Arrangement and Anthropological Theory in the Boasian and Evolutionary Traditions George W. Stocking Jr. 8 Bricks and Bones: Architecture and Science in Victorian Britian Sophie Forgan III Modern Space 9 "Spatial Mechanics": Scientific Metaphors in Architecture Adrian Forty 10 Diagramming the New World, or Hannes Meyer's "Scientization" of Architecture K. Michael Hays 11 Listening to/for Modernity: Architectural Acoustics and the Development of Modern Spaces in America Emily Thompson 12 Of Beds and Benches: Building the Modern American Hospital Allan M. Brandt and David C. Sloane IV Is Architecture Science? 13 Architecture, Science, and Technology Antoine Picon 14 Architecture as Science: Analogy or Disjunction? Alberto Perez-Gomez 15 The Mutual Limits of Architecture and Science Kenneth Frampton 16 The Hounding of the Snark Denise Scott Brown V Princeton After Modernism: the Lewis Thomas Laboratory for Molecular Biology 17 Thoughts on the Architecture of the Scientific Workplace: Community, Change, and Continuity Robert Venturi 18 The Design Process for the Human Workplace James Collins Jr. 19 Life in the Lewis Thomas Laboratory Arnold J. Levine 20 Two Faces on Science: Building Identities for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Thomas F. Gieryn VI Centers, Cities, and Colliders 21 Architecture at Fermilab Robert R. Wilson 22 The Architecture of Science: From D'Arcy Thompson to the SSC Moshe Safdie 23 Factory, Laboratory, Studio: Dispersing Sites of Production Peter Galison and Caroline A. Jones Index Descriptive content provided by Syndetics"! a Bowker service
Architecture and the Crisis of Modern Science
Author: Alberto Pérez Gómez
Publisher: Mit Press
ISBN: 9780262660556
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Between the late Renaissance and the early nineteenth century, the ancient arts of architecture were being profoundly transformed by the scientific revolution. This important book, which won the 1984 Alice Davis Hitchcock Award, traces the process by which the mystical and numerological grounds for the use of number and geometry in building gave way to the more functional and technical ones that prevail in architectural theory and practice today. Throughout, it relates the major architectural treatises of successive generations to the larger culture and the writings of philosophers, mathematicians, scientists, and engineers.Alberto Pérez-Gómez is Director of the School of Architecture at Carleton University in Ottowa.
Publisher: Mit Press
ISBN: 9780262660556
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 400
Book Description
Between the late Renaissance and the early nineteenth century, the ancient arts of architecture were being profoundly transformed by the scientific revolution. This important book, which won the 1984 Alice Davis Hitchcock Award, traces the process by which the mystical and numerological grounds for the use of number and geometry in building gave way to the more functional and technical ones that prevail in architectural theory and practice today. Throughout, it relates the major architectural treatises of successive generations to the larger culture and the writings of philosophers, mathematicians, scientists, and engineers.Alberto Pérez-Gómez is Director of the School of Architecture at Carleton University in Ottowa.
Architecture and the Sciences
Author: Antoine Picon
Publisher: Princeton Architectural Press
ISBN: 9781568983653
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
Since antiquity, the sciences have served as a source of images and metaphors for architecture and have had a direct influence on the shaping of built space. In recent years, architects have been looking again at science as a source of inspiration in the production of their designs and constructions. This volume evaluates the interconnections between the sciences and architecture from both historical and contemporary perspectives. Architecture and the Sciences shows how scientific paradigms have migrated to architecture through the appropriation of organic and mechanical models. Conversely, architecture has provided images for scientific and technological discourse. Accordingly, this volume investigates the status of the exchanges between the two domains.Contents include: Alessandra Ponte, Desert Testing; Martin Bressani, Violet-le-Duc's Optic; Georges Teyssot, Norm and Type: Variations on a Theme; Reinhold Martin, Organicism's Other; Catherine Ingraham, Why All These Birds? Birds in the Sky, Birds in the Hand; Antoine Picon, Architecture, Science, Technology and the Virtual Realm; and Felicity Scott, Encounters with the Face of America.
Publisher: Princeton Architectural Press
ISBN: 9781568983653
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 364
Book Description
Since antiquity, the sciences have served as a source of images and metaphors for architecture and have had a direct influence on the shaping of built space. In recent years, architects have been looking again at science as a source of inspiration in the production of their designs and constructions. This volume evaluates the interconnections between the sciences and architecture from both historical and contemporary perspectives. Architecture and the Sciences shows how scientific paradigms have migrated to architecture through the appropriation of organic and mechanical models. Conversely, architecture has provided images for scientific and technological discourse. Accordingly, this volume investigates the status of the exchanges between the two domains.Contents include: Alessandra Ponte, Desert Testing; Martin Bressani, Violet-le-Duc's Optic; Georges Teyssot, Norm and Type: Variations on a Theme; Reinhold Martin, Organicism's Other; Catherine Ingraham, Why All These Birds? Birds in the Sky, Birds in the Hand; Antoine Picon, Architecture, Science, Technology and the Virtual Realm; and Felicity Scott, Encounters with the Face of America.
New Architecture Of Science, The: Learning From Graphene
Author: Kostya S Novoselov
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811220697
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
The New Architecture of Science explores how the architecture of advanced nanoscience labs affects the way scientists think, conduct experiments, interact and collaborate. The unique design of the National Graphene Institute in Manchester, UK sheds light on the new generation of 21st century science laboratories. Weaving together two tales of this building, lead scientist and one of the designers, Kostya Novoselov, and architectural anthropologist, Albena Yaneva, combine an analysis of its distinctive design features with ethnographic observation of the practices of scientists, facility managers, technicians, administrators and house service staff. Capturing simultaneously the complex technical infrastructure and the variability of human experiences that it facilitates, contemporary laboratory buildings are shown to be vital settings for the active shaping of new research habits and ways of thinking, ultimately leading to discovery and socio-technical innovations.Related Link(s)
Publisher: World Scientific
ISBN: 9811220697
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
The New Architecture of Science explores how the architecture of advanced nanoscience labs affects the way scientists think, conduct experiments, interact and collaborate. The unique design of the National Graphene Institute in Manchester, UK sheds light on the new generation of 21st century science laboratories. Weaving together two tales of this building, lead scientist and one of the designers, Kostya Novoselov, and architectural anthropologist, Albena Yaneva, combine an analysis of its distinctive design features with ethnographic observation of the practices of scientists, facility managers, technicians, administrators and house service staff. Capturing simultaneously the complex technical infrastructure and the variability of human experiences that it facilitates, contemporary laboratory buildings are shown to be vital settings for the active shaping of new research habits and ways of thinking, ultimately leading to discovery and socio-technical innovations.Related Link(s)
Architecture and Science
Author: Giuseppa Di Cristina
Publisher: Academy Press
ISBN: 9780471497226
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Discusses the influence of the latest science and technology on architecture. * Comprehensively illustrated with color photos as well as plans and drawings.
Publisher: Academy Press
ISBN: 9780471497226
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Book Description
Discusses the influence of the latest science and technology on architecture. * Comprehensively illustrated with color photos as well as plans and drawings.
Architecture and Embodiment
Author: Harry Francis Mallgrave
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135094233
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 265
Book Description
In recent years we have seen a number of dramatic discoveries within the biological and related sciences. Traditional arguments such as "nature versus nurture" are rapidly disappearing because of the realization that just as we are affecting our environments, so too do these altered environments restructure our cognitive abilities and outlooks. If the biological and technological breakthroughs are promising benefits such as extended life expectancies, these same discoveries also have the potential to improve in significant ways the quality of our built environments. This poses a compelling challenge to conventional architectural theory... This is the first book to consider these new scientific and humanistic models in architectural terms. Constructed as a series of five essays around the themes of beauty, culture, emotion, the experience of architecture, and artistic play, this book draws upon a broad range of discussions taking place in philosophy, psychology, biology, neuroscience, and anthropology, and in doing so questions what implications these discussions hold for architectural design. Drawing upon a wealth of research, Mallgrave argues that we should turn our focus away from the objectification of architecture (treating design as the creation of objects) and redirect it back to those for whom we design: the people inhabiting our built environments.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135094233
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 265
Book Description
In recent years we have seen a number of dramatic discoveries within the biological and related sciences. Traditional arguments such as "nature versus nurture" are rapidly disappearing because of the realization that just as we are affecting our environments, so too do these altered environments restructure our cognitive abilities and outlooks. If the biological and technological breakthroughs are promising benefits such as extended life expectancies, these same discoveries also have the potential to improve in significant ways the quality of our built environments. This poses a compelling challenge to conventional architectural theory... This is the first book to consider these new scientific and humanistic models in architectural terms. Constructed as a series of five essays around the themes of beauty, culture, emotion, the experience of architecture, and artistic play, this book draws upon a broad range of discussions taking place in philosophy, psychology, biology, neuroscience, and anthropology, and in doing so questions what implications these discussions hold for architectural design. Drawing upon a wealth of research, Mallgrave argues that we should turn our focus away from the objectification of architecture (treating design as the creation of objects) and redirect it back to those for whom we design: the people inhabiting our built environments.
Architecture and the Body, Science and Culture
Author: Kim Sexton
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317281853
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 446
Book Description
The relationship of architecture to the human body is a centuries-long and complex one, but not always symmetrical. This book opens a space for historians of the visual arts, archaeologists, architects, and digital humanities professionals to reflect upon embodiment, spatiality, science, and architecture in premodern and modern cultural contexts. Architecture and the Body, Science and Culture poses one overarching question: How does a period’s understanding of bodies as objects of science impinge upon architectural thought and design? The answers are sophisticated, interdisciplinary explorations of theory, technology, symbolism, medicine, violence, psychology, deformity, and salvation, and they have unexpected and fascinating implications for architectural design and history. The new research published in this volume reinvigorates the Western survey-style trajectory from Archaic Greece to post‐war Europe with scientifically‐framed, body‐centred provocations. By adding the third factor—science—to the architecture and body equation, this book presents a nuanced appreciation for architectural creativity and its embeddedness in other sets of social, institutional and political relationships. In so doing, it spatializes body theory and ties it to the experience of the built environment in ways that disturb traditional boundaries between the architectural container and the corporeally contained.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1317281853
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 446
Book Description
The relationship of architecture to the human body is a centuries-long and complex one, but not always symmetrical. This book opens a space for historians of the visual arts, archaeologists, architects, and digital humanities professionals to reflect upon embodiment, spatiality, science, and architecture in premodern and modern cultural contexts. Architecture and the Body, Science and Culture poses one overarching question: How does a period’s understanding of bodies as objects of science impinge upon architectural thought and design? The answers are sophisticated, interdisciplinary explorations of theory, technology, symbolism, medicine, violence, psychology, deformity, and salvation, and they have unexpected and fascinating implications for architectural design and history. The new research published in this volume reinvigorates the Western survey-style trajectory from Archaic Greece to post‐war Europe with scientifically‐framed, body‐centred provocations. By adding the third factor—science—to the architecture and body equation, this book presents a nuanced appreciation for architectural creativity and its embeddedness in other sets of social, institutional and political relationships. In so doing, it spatializes body theory and ties it to the experience of the built environment in ways that disturb traditional boundaries between the architectural container and the corporeally contained.
Scientific Programming and Computer Architecture
Author: Divakar Viswanath
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262036290
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 625
Book Description
A variety of programming models relevant to scientists explained, with an emphasis on how programming constructs map to parts of the computer. What makes computer programs fast or slow? To answer this question, we have to get behind the abstractions of programming languages and look at how a computer really works. This book examines and explains a variety of scientific programming models (programming models relevant to scientists) with an emphasis on how programming constructs map to different parts of the computer's architecture. Two themes emerge: program speed and program modularity. Throughout this book, the premise is to "get under the hood," and the discussion is tied to specific programs. The book digs into linkers, compilers, operating systems, and computer architecture to understand how the different parts of the computer interact with programs. It begins with a review of C/C++ and explanations of how libraries, linkers, and Makefiles work. Programming models covered include Pthreads, OpenMP, MPI, TCP/IP, and CUDA.The emphasis on how computers work leads the reader into computer architecture and occasionally into the operating system kernel. The operating system studied is Linux, the preferred platform for scientific computing. Linux is also open source, which allows users to peer into its inner workings. A brief appendix provides a useful table of machines used to time programs. The book's website (https://github.com/divakarvi/bk-spca) has all the programs described in the book as well as a link to the html text.
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262036290
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 625
Book Description
A variety of programming models relevant to scientists explained, with an emphasis on how programming constructs map to parts of the computer. What makes computer programs fast or slow? To answer this question, we have to get behind the abstractions of programming languages and look at how a computer really works. This book examines and explains a variety of scientific programming models (programming models relevant to scientists) with an emphasis on how programming constructs map to different parts of the computer's architecture. Two themes emerge: program speed and program modularity. Throughout this book, the premise is to "get under the hood," and the discussion is tied to specific programs. The book digs into linkers, compilers, operating systems, and computer architecture to understand how the different parts of the computer interact with programs. It begins with a review of C/C++ and explanations of how libraries, linkers, and Makefiles work. Programming models covered include Pthreads, OpenMP, MPI, TCP/IP, and CUDA.The emphasis on how computers work leads the reader into computer architecture and occasionally into the operating system kernel. The operating system studied is Linux, the preferred platform for scientific computing. Linux is also open source, which allows users to peer into its inner workings. A brief appendix provides a useful table of machines used to time programs. The book's website (https://github.com/divakarvi/bk-spca) has all the programs described in the book as well as a link to the html text.
Architecture and Science-Fiction Film
Author: David T. Fortin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351957465
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
The home is one of our most enduring human paradoxes and is brought to light tellingly in science-fiction (SF) writing and film. However, while similarities and crossovers between architecture and SF have proliferated throughout the past century, the home is often overshadowed by the spectacle of 'otherness'. The study of the familiar (home) within the alien (SF) creates a unique cultural lens through which to reflect on our current architectural condition. SF has always been linked with alienation; however, the conditions of such alienation, and hence notions of home, have evidently changed. There is often a perceived comprehension of the familiar that atrophies the inquisitive and interpretive processes commonly activated when confronting the unfamiliar. Thus, by utilizing the estranging qualities of SF to look at a concept inherently linked to its perceived opposite - the home - a unique critical analysis with particular relevance for contemporary architecture is made possible.
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1351957465
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 251
Book Description
The home is one of our most enduring human paradoxes and is brought to light tellingly in science-fiction (SF) writing and film. However, while similarities and crossovers between architecture and SF have proliferated throughout the past century, the home is often overshadowed by the spectacle of 'otherness'. The study of the familiar (home) within the alien (SF) creates a unique cultural lens through which to reflect on our current architectural condition. SF has always been linked with alienation; however, the conditions of such alienation, and hence notions of home, have evidently changed. There is often a perceived comprehension of the familiar that atrophies the inquisitive and interpretive processes commonly activated when confronting the unfamiliar. Thus, by utilizing the estranging qualities of SF to look at a concept inherently linked to its perceived opposite - the home - a unique critical analysis with particular relevance for contemporary architecture is made possible.
Prayers in Stone
Author: Paul Eli Ivey
Publisher: University of Illinois Press
ISBN: 9780252024450
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 264
Book Description
The classical revival style of architecture made famous by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago left its mark on one of the most sustained classical building movements in American architectural history: the Christian Science church building movement. By 1920 every major American city and many smaller towns contained an example of this architecture, financed by the followers of Mary Baker Eddy, the church's founder. These buildings represented a new, burgeoning American institution that appealed to business people and to young men and women working to succeed. Characterized by middle-class congregations that in the early part of the century were over 75 percent women, Christian Science suggested radical civic reform solutions based on an idealistic and pragmatic individualism. It attracted criticism from traditional churches and from the medical establishment due to its rapid growth and to its reinstatement of primitive Christianity's lost elements of physical healing and moral regeneration. Prayers in Stone spins out the close connections between Christian Science church architecture and its social context. This architecture served as a focal point for debates over the possibilities for a new twentieth-century urban architecture that proponents believed would positively shape the behavior of citizens. Thus these buildings played a critical role in discussions concerning religious and secular architecture as major elements of religious and social reform. Drawing on a wide range of documentary evidence, including material from the archives of the Mother Church in Boston, Paul Ivey uses Christian Science architecture to explore the social implications of architecturalstyles and new building technologies, to illuminate class-based notions of civic reform and beautification, and to investigate the use of architecture to bring about religious and social change. In addition, the book explores complex gender issues, including early attempts to define a professional space for women as Christian Science practitioners. Lavishly illustrated, Prayers in Stone focuses on four major city arenas of Christian Science building -- Boston, Chicago, New York, and the San Francisco Bay area -- to demonstrate the vital intersection of architecture and religion at the so-called margins of American society.
Publisher: University of Illinois Press
ISBN: 9780252024450
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 264
Book Description
The classical revival style of architecture made famous by the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago left its mark on one of the most sustained classical building movements in American architectural history: the Christian Science church building movement. By 1920 every major American city and many smaller towns contained an example of this architecture, financed by the followers of Mary Baker Eddy, the church's founder. These buildings represented a new, burgeoning American institution that appealed to business people and to young men and women working to succeed. Characterized by middle-class congregations that in the early part of the century were over 75 percent women, Christian Science suggested radical civic reform solutions based on an idealistic and pragmatic individualism. It attracted criticism from traditional churches and from the medical establishment due to its rapid growth and to its reinstatement of primitive Christianity's lost elements of physical healing and moral regeneration. Prayers in Stone spins out the close connections between Christian Science church architecture and its social context. This architecture served as a focal point for debates over the possibilities for a new twentieth-century urban architecture that proponents believed would positively shape the behavior of citizens. Thus these buildings played a critical role in discussions concerning religious and secular architecture as major elements of religious and social reform. Drawing on a wide range of documentary evidence, including material from the archives of the Mother Church in Boston, Paul Ivey uses Christian Science architecture to explore the social implications of architecturalstyles and new building technologies, to illuminate class-based notions of civic reform and beautification, and to investigate the use of architecture to bring about religious and social change. In addition, the book explores complex gender issues, including early attempts to define a professional space for women as Christian Science practitioners. Lavishly illustrated, Prayers in Stone focuses on four major city arenas of Christian Science building -- Boston, Chicago, New York, and the San Francisco Bay area -- to demonstrate the vital intersection of architecture and religion at the so-called margins of American society.