Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 404

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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental health
Languages : en
Pages : 824

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Author: Amy J. Clippinger
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832508596
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 139

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Author:
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128136987
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 384

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Book Description
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies.

Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medicine
Languages : en
Pages : 1892

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Author: National Toxicology Program (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Toxicity testing
Languages : en
Pages : 622

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Author: Chantra Eskes
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319338269
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 418

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Book Description
This book provides information on best practices and new thinking regarding the validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing. It covers the validation of experimental and computational methods and integrated approaches to testing and assessment. Validation strategies are discussed for methods employing the latest technologies such as tissue-on-a-chip systems, stem cells and transcriptomics, and for methods derived from pathway-based concepts in toxicology. Validation of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing is divided into two sections, in the first, practical insights are given on the state-of-the-art and on approaches that have resulted in successfully validated and accepted alternative methods. The second section focuses on the evolution of validation principles and practice that are necessary to ensure fit-for-purpose validation that has the greatest impact on international regulatory acceptance of alternative methods. In this context validation needs to keep pace with the considerable scientific advancements being made in toxicology, the availability of sophisticated tools and techniques that can be applied in a variety of ways, and the increasing societal and regulatory demands for better safety assessment. This book will be a useful resource for scientists in the field of toxicology, both from industry and academia, developing new test methods, strategies or techniques, as well as Governmental and regulatory authorities interested in understanding the principles and practicalities of validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing.

Author: SANDEEP DESAI
Publisher: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
ISBN: 8120352262
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 377

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Book Description
This thoroughly revised and updated book, now in its second edition, intends to be much more comprehensive book on software testing. The treatment of the subject in the second edition maintains to provide an insight into the practical aspects of software testing, along with the recent technological development in the field, as in the previous edition, but with significant additions. These changes are designed to provide in-depth understanding of the key concepts. Commencing with the introduction, the book builds up the basic concepts of quality and software testing. It, then, elaborately discusses the various facets of verification and validation, methodologies of both static testing and dynamic testing of the software, covering the concepts of structured group examinations, control flow and data flow, unit testing, integration testing, system testing and acceptance testing. The text also focuses on the importance of the cost-benefit analysis of testing processes, test automation, object-oriented applications, client-server and web-based applications. The concepts of testing commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software as well as object-oriented testing have been described in detail. Finally, the book brings out the underlying concepts of usability and accessibility testing. Career in software testing is also covered in the book. The book is intended for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of computer science and engineering for a course in software testing.

Author: George K. Cunningham
Publisher: Psychology Press
ISBN: 9780750707336
Category : Education
Languages : en
Pages : 242

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Book Description
Educational assessment, at one time a relatively uncontroversial subject, is now riven by a diversity of views. The most crucial division is between those who continue to believe in the effectiveness of objective assessment techniques and those who favour alternative methods. This book presents an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses and rationales for both.

Author: Steven H. Voldman
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118707141
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 328

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Book Description
With the evolution of semiconductor technology and global diversification of the semiconductor business, testing of semiconductor devices to systems for electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electrical overstress (EOS) has increased in importance. ESD Testing: From Components to Systems updates the reader in the new tests, test models, and techniques in the characterization of semiconductor components for ESD, EOS, and latchup. Key features: Provides understanding and knowledge of ESD models and specifications including human body model (HBM), machine model (MM), charged device model (CDM), charged board model (CBM), cable discharge events (CDE), human metal model (HMM), IEC 61000-4-2 and IEC 61000-4-5. Discusses new testing methodologies such as transmission line pulse (TLP), to very fast transmission line pulse (VF-TLP), and future methods of long pulse TLP, to ultra-fast TLP (UF-TLP). Describes both conventional testing and new testing techniques for both chip and system level evaluation. Addresses EOS testing, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) scanning, to current reconstruction methods. Discusses latchup characterization and testing methodologies for evaluation of semiconductor technology to product testing. ESD Testing: From Components to Systems is part of the authors’ series of books on electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection; this book will be an invaluable reference for the professional semiconductor chip and system-level ESD and EOS test engineer. Semiconductor device and process development, circuit designers, quality, reliability and failure analysis engineers will also find it an essential reference. In addition, its academic treatment will appeal to both senior and graduate students with interests in semiconductor process, device physics, semiconductor testing and experimental work.