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Author: Lukas Schmidt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean is strongly influenced by the distribution of sea ice and open water. Leads in the sea ice produce strong convective fluxes of sensible and latent heat and release aerosol particles into the atmosphere. They increase the occurrence of clouds and modify the structure and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and thereby influence the Arctic climate. In the course of this study aircraft measurements were performed over the western Arctic Ocean as part of the campaign PAMARCMIP 2012 of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Backscatter from aerosols and clouds within the lower troposphere and the ABL were measured with the nadir pointing Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) and dropsondes were launched to obtain profiles of meteorological variables. Furthermore, in situ measurements of aerosol properties, meteorological variables and turbulence were part of the campaign. The measurements covered a broad range of atmospheric and sea ice conditions. In th...
Author: Lukas Schmidt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean is strongly influenced by the distribution of sea ice and open water. Leads in the sea ice produce strong convective fluxes of sensible and latent heat and release aerosol particles into the atmosphere. They increase the occurrence of clouds and modify the structure and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and thereby influence the Arctic climate. In the course of this study aircraft measurements were performed over the western Arctic Ocean as part of the campaign PAMARCMIP 2012 of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Backscatter from aerosols and clouds within the lower troposphere and the ABL were measured with the nadir pointing Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) and dropsondes were launched to obtain profiles of meteorological variables. Furthermore, in situ measurements of aerosol properties, meteorological variables and turbulence were part of the campaign. The measurements covered a broad range of atmospheric and sea ice conditions. In th...
Author: Thomas Foken
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030521710
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1761
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Book Description
This practical handbook provides a clearly structured, concise and comprehensive account of the huge variety of atmospheric and related measurements relevant to meteorologists and for the purpose of weather forecasting and climate research, but also to the practitioner in the wider field of environmental physics and ecology. The Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements is divided into six parts: The first part offers instructive descriptions of the basics of atmospheric measurements and the multitude of their influencing factors, fundamentals of quality control and standardization, as well as equations and tables of atmospheric, water, and soil quantities. The subsequent parts present classical in-situ measurements as well as remote sensing techniques from both ground-based as well as airborn or satellite-based methods. The next part focusses on complex measurements and methods that integrate different techniques to establish more holistic data. Brief discussions of measurements in soils and water, at plants, in urban and rural environments and for renewable energies demonstrate the potential of such applications. The final part provides an overview of atmospheric and ecological networks. Written by distinguished experts from academia and industry, each of the 64 chapters provides in-depth discussions of the available devices with their specifications, aspects of quality control, maintenance as well as their potential for the future. A large number of thoroughly compiled tables of physical quantities, sensors and system characteristics make this handbook a unique, universal and useful reference for the practitioner and absolutely essential for researchers, students, and technicians.
Author: Anne Hoffmann
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The Arctic is a particularly sensitive area with respect to climate change due to the high surface albedo of snow and ice and the extreme radiative conditions. Clouds and aerosols as parts of the Arctic atmosphere play an important role in the radiation budget, which is, as yet, poorly quantified and understood. The LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) measurements presented in this PhD thesis contribute with continuous altitude resolved aerosol profiles to the understanding of occurrence and characteristics of aerosol layers above Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. The attention was turned to the analysis of periods with high aerosol load. As the Arctic spring troposphere exhibits maximum aerosol optical depths (AODs) each year, March and April of both the years 2007 and 2009 were analyzed. Furthermore, stratospheric aerosol layers of volcanic origin were analyzed for several months, subsequently to the eruptions of the Kasatochi and Sarychev volcanoes in summer 2008 and 2009, respectively. The Koldewey Aerosol Raman LIDAR (KARL) is an instrument for the active remote sensing of atmospheric parameters using pulsed laser radiation. It is operated at the AWIPEV research base and was fundamentally upgraded within the framework of this PhD project. It is now equipped with a new telescope mirror and new detection optics, which facilitate atmospheric profiling from 450m above sea level up to the mid-stratosphere. KARL provides highly resolved profiles of the scattering characteristics of aerosol and cloud particles (backscattering, extinction and depolarization) as well as water vapor profiles within the lower troposphere. Combination of KARL data with data from other instruments on site, namely radiosondes, sun photometer, Micro Pulse LIDAR, and tethersonde system, resulted in a comprehensive data set of scattering phenomena in the Arctic atmosphere. The two spring periods March and April 2007 and 2009 were at first analyzed based on meteorological parameters, like local temperature and relative humidity profiles as well as large scale pressure patterns and air mass origin regions. Here, it was not possible to find a clear correlation between enhanced AOD and air mass origin. However, in a comparison of two cloud free periods in March 2007 and April 2009, large AOD values in 2009 coincided with air mass transport through the central Arctic. This suggests the occurrence of aerosol transformation processes during the aerosol transport to Ny-Ålesund. Measurements on 4 April 2009 revealed maximum AOD values of up to 0.12 and aerosol size distributions changing with altitude. This and other performed case studies suggest the differentiation between three aerosol event types and their origin: Vertically limited aerosol layers in dry air, highly variable hygroscopic boundary layer aerosols and enhanced aerosol load across wide portions of the troposphere. For the spring period 2007, the available KARL data were statistically analyzed using a characterization scheme, which is based on optical characteristics of the scattering particles. The scheme was validated using several case studies. Volcanic eruptions in the northern hemisphere in August 2008 and June 2009 arose the opportunity to analyze volcanic aerosol layers within the stratosphere. The rate of stratospheric AOD change was similar within both years with maximum values above 0.1 about three to five weeks after the respective eruption. In both years, the stratospheric AOD persisted at higher rates than usual until the measurements were stopped in late September due to technical reasons. In 2008, up to three aerosol layers were detected, the layer structure in 2009 was characterized by up to six distinct and thin layers which smeared out to one broad layer after about two months. The lowermost aerosol layer was continuously detected at the tropopause altitude. Three case studies were performed, all revealed rather large indices of refraction of m = (1.531.55) - 0.02i, suggesting the presence of an absorbing carbonaceous component. The particle radius, derived with inversion calculations, was also similar in both years with values ranging from 0.16 to 0.19 æm. However, in 2009, a second mode in the size distribution was detected at about 0.5 æm. The long term measurements with the Koldewey Aerosol Raman LIDAR in Ny-Ålesund provide the opportunity to study Arctic aerosols in the troposphere and the stratosphere not only in case studies but on longer time scales. In this PhD thesis, both, tropospheric aerosols in the Arctic spring and stratospheric aerosols following volcanic eruptions have been described qualitatively and quantitatively. Case studies and comparative studies with data of other instruments on site allowed for the analysis of microphysical aerosol characteristics and their temporal evolution.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 5
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The systematic and routine measurements of aerosol, water vapor, and clouds in the vertical column above the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites from surface-based remote sensing systems provides a unique and comprehensive data source that can be used to characterize the boundary layer (i.e., the lowest 3 km of the atmosphere) and its evolution. New algorithms have been developed to provide critical datasets from ARM instruments, and these datasets have been used in long-term analyses to better understand the climatology of water vapor and aerosol over Darwin, the turbulent structure of the boundary layer and its statistical properties over Oklahoma, and to better determine the distribution of ice and aerosol particles over northern Alaska.
Author: Guo Lin
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780438818798
Category : Atmospheric circulation
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Measurements of environmental conditions around severe local storms are important in advancing our understanding of these severe local storms. These measurements are, however, difficult to collect. During the PECAN (Plains Elevated Convection at Night) field campaign on the Great Plains, a Compact Raman Lidar (CRL) system deployed on the University of Wyoming King Air (UWKA) uniquely characterized structures of rapidly changing water vapor, temperature and aerosols in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) around a nocturnal Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) on July 1st, and a Convection Initiation (CI) on June 8th, 2015. For the MCS case, the CRL initially sampled a region impacted by early precipitation, where two reversed flows, a southern environmental flow and a flow from a previous convective cell, generated two distinct layers of water vapor and aerosols. Later a cold pool outflow boundary was also sampled on July 1st. The flight level vertical wind and temperature transect depicted a quick transition from up to 1.5 m/s updraft out of the cold pool boundary to a 1.5 m/s downdraft. Water vapor and aerosol transects revealed an inflow that was pushed upward by the slanted cold pool outflow. An inversion layer was formed by a warm southwestern flow on the top of a cool southeastern flow on the leading edge of a density current. The 2D aerosol distributions above the inversion layer captured the wave motions triggered by the outflow, which had a similar energy distribution for wavelengths from 1.8 to 18 km as that of the in-situ flight level vertical velocity. This result indicates that the CRL 2D aerosol structure can be used to derive wave structures in the ABL. The UWKA also sampled an ABL structure associated with a CI on June 8th, 2015. The collision by the environmental inflow and outflow in a transition with high CAPE and low CIN environment initiated a strong uplift of water vapor as indicated by the CRL observed a narrow water vapor plume above the ABL, which led a CI quickly. An intense surface observation network, including PISA sites, mobile mesonet vehicles and radars, served as additional measurements were integrated with CRL measurements to better understand ABL structures around the MCS and leading to the CI.
Author: Motoi Kumai
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Author: James E. Overland
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
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Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 7
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Author: Elizabeth Eby Ebert
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Category : Sea ice
Languages : en
Pages : 186
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Author: Jiayue Huang
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 96
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Blowing briny snow and frost flowers have been suggested as important sources of sea salt aerosols (SSA) over sea ice covered regions, where they can affect radiation, cloud formation, and boundary layer chemistry. During polar spring, observations show periodic near total ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the boundary layer. These ODEs are initiated by the release of reactive bromine gases, however the origin of the reactive bromine has been subject to debate. In particular, saline surface snow, blowing snow SSA and frost flowers SSA have been proposed as potential sources releasing bromine. My Ph.D. research aims to provide new constraints on blowing snow and frost flower sources of SSA and assess their impact on tropospheric chemistry by using satellite observations together with a chemical transport model (CTM). In the first part of my Ph.D. project (Chapter 2), I interpreted observations of aerosol extinction coefficients from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Intrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) with the GEOS-Chem CTM to evaluate the role of sea ice sources of SSA in the Arctic and Antarctic boundary layer. I find that the inclusion of blowing snow SSA emissions is necessary for the GEOS-Chem model to reproduce the CALIOP aerosol extinctions over sea ice regions during cold months, but that frost flower SSA fail to do so. Using the CALIOP aerosol extinction coefficients, I derived monthly-varying surface snow salinities, which further improves the performance of the blowing snow GEOS-Chem simulation. In the second part of my Ph.D. project (Chapter 3), I implemented bromine release from SSA generated via blowing snow events, and evaluated the model against tropospheric BrO columns retrieved from the Second Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME-2) onboard the MetOp-A satellite and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura satellite, as well as in-situ observations of surface ozone over the Arctic. I find that bromine release from blowing snow SSA in GEOS-Chem allows the model to capture the timing and locations of the observed bromine explosion events and some of the observed ODEs in the springtime Arctic. I estimated that the halogen chemistry from blowing snow SSA increases the Br[subscript]y abundance by a factor of 2.6 and decreases the O3 abundance by 10% in the Arctic lower troposphere (0–2 km) during spring (March–May).
