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Author: Emily Kraus
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Sexual conflict is a process that occurs when the evolutionary interests of the sexes is not aligned. The theory began with Darwin in the 1800's. His observations of sexual dimorphism and traits which did not seem to follow the rules of natural selection led him to the theory of sexual selection. Sexual selection resolved some of the issues which were noted in the evolutionary processes he observed but not all of them. For example, it did not explain traits which increased the male optimum fitness while decreasing the female optimum fitness. It was decades before the concept of sexual conflict was formulated, and even longer before the underlying mechanisms were understood. Sexual conflict is different than sexual selection and there are ways to differentiate which of these processes have occurred in a population. The main forms of sexual conflict are intralocus and interlocus conflict. These involve the interactions between alleles in the genome of the sexes. Intralocus conflict involves conflict at a single locus in the genome while interlocus conflict involves conflict between different loci. Interlocus conflict has been more extensively studied due to its association with sexually antagonistic coevolution (SAC). SAC draws the attention of scientists due to the possibility it is related to the fundamental biological process of speciation. Sexual conflict targets certain traits at defined periods in the mating process. These periods include first, the precopulatory stage which is before the act of copulation begins. Second, there is the stage during copulation but before fertilization of the embryo. Finally, there is the postcopulatory postzygotic stage which is after copulation has ended and fertilization has occurred. Each of these points in the process of mating has traits or behaviors which sexual conflict may target. This review concludes with a proposed experiment to determine if sexual conflict is occurring in a group of four genera of mosquitoes. The experiment utilizes the attributes of sexual conflict to differentiate between other processes. A major component is the consequence of mating systems on selective processes to determine if sexual conflict is involved in the evolution of male accessory gland proteins.
Author: Emily Kraus
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Sexual conflict is a process that occurs when the evolutionary interests of the sexes is not aligned. The theory began with Darwin in the 1800's. His observations of sexual dimorphism and traits which did not seem to follow the rules of natural selection led him to the theory of sexual selection. Sexual selection resolved some of the issues which were noted in the evolutionary processes he observed but not all of them. For example, it did not explain traits which increased the male optimum fitness while decreasing the female optimum fitness. It was decades before the concept of sexual conflict was formulated, and even longer before the underlying mechanisms were understood. Sexual conflict is different than sexual selection and there are ways to differentiate which of these processes have occurred in a population. The main forms of sexual conflict are intralocus and interlocus conflict. These involve the interactions between alleles in the genome of the sexes. Intralocus conflict involves conflict at a single locus in the genome while interlocus conflict involves conflict between different loci. Interlocus conflict has been more extensively studied due to its association with sexually antagonistic coevolution (SAC). SAC draws the attention of scientists due to the possibility it is related to the fundamental biological process of speciation. Sexual conflict targets certain traits at defined periods in the mating process. These periods include first, the precopulatory stage which is before the act of copulation begins. Second, there is the stage during copulation but before fertilization of the embryo. Finally, there is the postcopulatory postzygotic stage which is after copulation has ended and fertilization has occurred. Each of these points in the process of mating has traits or behaviors which sexual conflict may target. This review concludes with a proposed experiment to determine if sexual conflict is occurring in a group of four genera of mosquitoes. The experiment utilizes the attributes of sexual conflict to differentiate between other processes. A major component is the consequence of mating systems on selective processes to determine if sexual conflict is involved in the evolution of male accessory gland proteins.
Author: Göran Arnqvist
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400850606
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 345
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Book Description
The past decade has seen a profound change in the scientific understanding of reproduction. The traditional view of reproduction as a joint venture undertaken by two individuals, aimed at replicating their common genome, is being challenged by a growing body of evidence showing that the evolutionary interests of interacting males and females diverge. This book demonstrates that, despite a shared genome, conflicts between interacting males and females are ubiquitous, and that selection in the two sexes is continuously pulling this genome in opposite directions. These conflicts drive the evolution of a great variety of those traits that distinguish the sexes and also contribute to the diversification of lineages. Göran Arnqvist and Locke Rowe present an array of evidence for sexual conflict throughout nature, and they set these conflicts into the well-established theoretical framework of sexual selection. The recognition of conflict between the sexes is transforming our theories for the evolution of mating systems and the sexes themselves. Written by two top researchers in the field, Sexual Conflict is the first book to describe this transformation. It is a must read for all scholars and students interested in the evolutionary biology of reproduction.
Author: Todd K. Shackelford
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199908303
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Book Description
Sexual conflict -- what happens when the reproductive interests of males and females diverge -- occurs in all sexually reproducing species, including humans. The Oxford Handbook of Sexual Conflict in Humans is the first volume to assemble the latest theoretical and empirical work on sexual conflict in humans from the leading scholars in the fields of evolutionary psychology and anthropology. Following an introductory section that outlines theory and research on sexual conflict in humans and non-humans, ensuing sections discuss human sexual conflict and its manifestations before and during mating. Chapters in these sections address a range of factors topics and factors, including: - Sexual coercion, jealousy, and partner violence and killing - The ovulatory cycle, female orgasm, and sperm competition - Chemical warfare between ejaculates and female reproductive tracts Chapters in the next section address issues of sexual conflict after the birth of a child. These chapters address sexual conflict as a function of the local sex ratio, men's functional (if unconscious) concern with paternal resemblance to a child, men's reluctance to pay child support, and mate expulsion as a tactic to end a relationship. The handbook's concluding section includes a chapter that considers the impact of sexual conflict on a grander scale, notably on cultural, political, and religious systems. Addressing sexual conflict at its molecular and macroscopic levels, The Oxford Handbook of Sexual Conflict in Humans is a fascinating resource for the study of intersexual behavior.
Author: David M. Buss
Publisher: Hachette UK
ISBN: 1472146328
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
Sexual conflict permeates ancient religions, from injunctions about thy neighbor's wife to the sexual obligations of marriage. It is etched in written laws that dictate who can and cannot have sex with whom. Its manifestations shape our sexual morality, evoking approving accolades or contemptuous condemnation. It produces sexual double standards that flourish even in the most sexually egalitarian cultures on earth. And although every person alive struggles with sexual conflict, most of us see only the tip of the iceberg: dating deception, a politician's unsavory grab, the slow crumbling of a once-happy marriage, a romantic breakup that turns nasty. Bad Men shows that this "battle of the sexes" is deeper and far more pervasive than anyone has recognized, revealing the hidden roots of sexual conflict -- roots that originated over deep evolutionary time -- which characterise our sexual psychology. Providing novel insights into our minds and behaviours, Bad Men presents a unifying new theory of sexual conflict and offers practical advice for men and women seeking to avoid it.
Author: Richard O. Prum
Publisher: Anchor
ISBN: 0385537220
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 436
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Book Description
A FINALIST FOR THE PULITZER PRIZE NAMED A BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR BY THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW, SMITHSONIAN, AND WALL STREET JOURNAL A major reimagining of how evolutionary forces work, revealing how mating preferences—what Darwin termed "the taste for the beautiful"—create the extraordinary range of ornament in the animal world. In the great halls of science, dogma holds that Darwin's theory of natural selection explains every branch on the tree of life: which species thrive, which wither away to extinction, and what features each evolves. But can adaptation by natural selection really account for everything we see in nature? Yale University ornithologist Richard Prum—reviving Darwin's own views—thinks not. Deep in tropical jungles around the world are birds with a dizzying array of appearances and mating displays: Club-winged Manakins who sing with their wings, Great Argus Pheasants who dazzle prospective mates with a four-foot-wide cone of feathers covered in golden 3D spheres, Red-capped Manakins who moonwalk. In thirty years of fieldwork, Prum has seen numerous display traits that seem disconnected from, if not outright contrary to, selection for individual survival. To explain this, he dusts off Darwin's long-neglected theory of sexual selection in which the act of choosing a mate for purely aesthetic reasons—for the mere pleasure of it—is an independent engine of evolutionary change. Mate choice can drive ornamental traits from the constraints of adaptive evolution, allowing them to grow ever more elaborate. It also sets the stakes for sexual conflict, in which the sexual autonomy of the female evolves in response to male sexual control. Most crucially, this framework provides important insights into the evolution of human sexuality, particularly the ways in which female preferences have changed male bodies, and even maleness itself, through evolutionary time. The Evolution of Beauty presents a unique scientific vision for how nature's splendor contributes to a more complete understanding of evolution and of ourselves.
Author: Leigh W. Simmons
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 0691207038
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
One hundred years after Darwin considered how sexual selection shapes the behavioral and morphological characteristics of males for acquiring mates, Parker realized that sexual selection continues after mating through sperm competition. Because females often mate with multiple males before producing offspring, selection favors adaptations that allow males to preempt sperm from previous males and to prevent their own sperm from preemption by future males. Since the 1970s, this area of research has seen exponential growth, and biologists now recognize sperm competition as an evolutionary force that drives such adaptations as mate guarding, genital morphology, and ejaculate chemistry across all animal taxa. The insects have been critical to this research, and they still offer the greatest potential to reveal fully the evolutionary consequences of sperm competition. This book analyzes and extends thirty years of theoretical and empirical work on insect sperm competition. It considers both male and female interests in sperm utilization and the sexual conflict that can arise when these differ. It covers the mechanics of sperm transfer and utilization, morphology, physiology, and behavior. Sperm competition is shown to have dramatic effects on adaptation in the context of reproduction as well as far-reaching ramifications on life-history evolution and speciation. Written by a top researcher in the field, this comprehensive, up-to-date review of the evolutionary causes and consequences of sperm competition in the insects will prove an invaluable reference for students and established researchers in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology.
Author: Martin N. Muller
Publisher: Harvard University Press
ISBN: 9780674033245
Category : Family & Relationships
Languages : en
Pages : 502
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Book Description
This book presents extensive field research and analysis to evaluate sexual coercion in a range of species—including all of the great apes and humans—and to clarify its role in shaping social relationships among males, among females, and between the sexes.
Author: National Academy of Sciences
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Book Description
The Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia of the National Academy of Sciences address scientific topics of broad and current interest, cutting across the boundaries of traditional disciplines. Each year, four or five such colloquia are scheduled, typically two days in length and international in scope. Colloquia are organized by a member of the Academy, often with the assistance of an organizing committee, and feature presentations by leading scientists in the field and discussions with a hundred or more researchers with an interest in the topic. Colloquia presentations are recorded and posted on the National Academy of Sciences Sackler colloquia website and published on CD-ROM. These Colloquia are made possible by a generous gift from Mrs. Jill Sackler, in memory of her husband, Arthur M. Sackler.
Author: Cindy M. Meston
Publisher: Macmillan
ISBN: 1429955228
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Book Description
An unparalleled exploration of the mysteries underlying women's sexuality that rivals the culture-shifting Kinsey Report, from two of America's leading research psychologists Do women have sex simply to reproduce or display their affection? When University of Texas at Austin clinical psychologist Cindy M. Meston and evolutionary psychologist David M. Buss joined forces to investigate the underlying sexual motivations of women, what they found astonished them. Through the voices of real women, Meston and Buss reveal the motivations that guide women's sexual decisions and explain the deep-seated psychology and biology that often unwittingly drive women's desires—sometimes in pursuit of health or pleasure, or sometimes for darker, disturbing reasons that a woman may not fully recognize. Drawing on more than a thousand intensive interviews conducted solely for the book, as well as their pioneering research on physiological response and evolutionary emotions, Why Women Have Sex uncovers an amazingly complex and nuanced portrait of female sexuality. They delve into the use of sex as a defensive tactic against a mate's infidelity (protection), as a ploy to boost self-confidence (status), as a barter for gifts or household chores (resource acquisition), or as a cure for a migraine headache (medication). Why Women Have Sex stands as the richest and deepest psychological understanding of female sexuality yet achieved and promises to inform every woman's (and her partner's) awareness of her relationship to sex and her sexuality.
Author: Johan J. Bolhuis
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119109507
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 532
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Book Description
The Behavior of Animals An updated view of animal behavior studies, featuring global experts The Behavior of Animals, Second Edition provides a broad overview of the current state of animal behavior studies with contributions from international experts. This edition includes new chapters on hormones and behavior, individuality, and human evolution. All chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated, and are supported by color illustrations, informative callouts, and accessible presentation of technical information. Provides an introduction to the study of animal behavior Looks at an extensive scope of topics- from perception, motivation and emotion, biological rhythms, and animal learning to animal cognition, communication, mate choice, and individuality. Explores the evolution of animal behavior including a critical evaluation of the assumption that human beings can be studied as if they were any other animal species. Students will benefit from an updated textbook in which a variety of contributors provide their expertise and global perspective in specialized areas
