A Multi-band Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer Using Binary-weighted Digital/analog Differentiator and Offset-frequency Delta-sigma Modulator for Noise and Spurs Cancellation PDF Download
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Author: Heng-Yu Jian
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 154
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Book Description
Author: Heng-Yu Jian
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 154
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 66
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Book Description
With the advances in communications, frequency synthesizers are becoming essential for many different circuits and broadcast bands. This need led to the creation of the fractional N frequency synthesizer. This synthesizer has proven itself to be a great invention allowing for many improvements over similar concepts. However, it only reaches the full extents of its capabilities when it is combined with a Delta Sigma modulator. This combined circuit shows great advances in noise performance and frequency resolution. The fractional N frequency synthesizer is merely an integer N PLL with the ability to change the division ratio. The first attempts to change this ratio used an accumulator which is a first order Delta Sigma modulator. The single order versions were swiftly discarded for higher order models for their better noise performance. Delta Sigma modulators, or DSM, are separated into two architecture types, MASH and MBSL. MASH modulators are easier to build and unconditionally stable. Unfortunately, they create more noise than MBSL and require more output states for the same division ratio. MBSL modulators create less noise; their noise shaping is more flexible and uses less outputs for the same division. However, MBSL modulators are complex and have some unstable inputs. This work steps through the design of a MASH 1-1-1 modulator using its basic equations. Also, it covers the implementation of the circuit on a FPGA board and its testing as part of a frequency synthesizer operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. For this work, the Spartan-3 board is used in addition to a PLL built before to create the circuit. The testing is done using a spectrum analyzer to see if the synthesizer creates the right output frequency. Several tests are performed to see the accuracy of the synthesizer over a portion of the frequency band. The circuit proves to be successful, creating frequencies within one percent of its target values. Initial tests without the DSM were around two percent of the target values. The work goes on to describe future projects. The major one to be the creation of a frequency modulated transmitter by using the synthesizer constructed and adding a digital filter to adjust the data.
Author: Kaveh Hosseini
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461400945
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 157
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Book Description
This book describes several Digital Delta-Sigma Modulator (DDSM) architectures, including multi stage noise shaping (MASH), error feedback modulator (EFM) and single quantizer (SQ)-DDSM modulators, with a focus on predicting and maximizing their cycle lengths. The authors aim to demystify an important aspect of these particular DDSM structures, namely the existence of spurs resulting from the inherent periodicity of DDSMs with constant inputs. Simulink and MATLAB models and code are presented in Chapters 2–5 to enable the reader to reproduce the results in this work and to explore further. These examples will also be helpful for first-time designers of DDSMs.
Author: Zhipeng Ye
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Frequency synthesizers
Languages : en
Pages : 161
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Book Description
The wireless communication market has been growing rapidly in recent decades. The frequency synthesizer is a key building block in wireless transceivers. It is used as a local oscillator for frequency translation and channel selection. In this thesis, we provide a brief review of PLL frequency synthesizers. A simulation environment for delta-sigma fractional-N frequency synthesizers is built using Verilog-AMS. The digital delta-sigma modulator is modeled as a finite state machine in order to evaluate how the performance of a frequency synthesizer is affected by the cyclic behavior of the DDSM. In addition, jitter and nonlinearities are considered and added to the model. The spur-minimizing effect of an odd initial condition on the first accumulator of a MASH delta-sigma modulator is demonstrated. A noise reduction technique for a fractional-N frequency synthesizer using a multiphase voltage-controlled oscillator is proposed. We have shown that both in-band and out-of-band phase noise can be reduced by 6 dB for every two-fold increase in the number of phases. The multi-phase VCO is also applied in a dual-loop frequency synthesizer. We show that this dual loop frequency synthesizer achieves a similar power spectrum but with superior frequency resolution compared to a conventional dual-loop frequency synthesizer. We have built an experimental platform based on a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA board and have used it to confirm the theoretical analysis and simulations. In order to reduce the hardware consumption of a digital delta-sigma modulator, and consequently the power and area consumption, we propose a reduced complexity architecture which can achieve similar spectral performance compared with a conventional DDSM but with up to 20% lower hardware consumption. We have elaborated a rigorous design methodologies based on this idea of error masking. Individual design strategies are derived for MASH DDSMs and SQ DDSMs, both with and without dither.
Author: Bar-Giora Goldberg
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080504299
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 354
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Book Description
· In-depth coverage of modern digital implementations of frequency synthesis architectures· Numerous design examples drawn from actual engineering projectsDigital frequency synthesis is used in modern wireless and communications technologies such as radar, cellular telephony, satellite communications, electronic imaging, and spectroscopy. This is book is a comprehensive overview of digital frequency synthesis theory and applications, with a particular emphasis on the latest approaches using fractional-N phase-locked loop technology. In-depth coverage of modern digital implementations of frequency synthesis architectures Numerous design examples drawn from actual engineering projects
Author: Woogeun Rhee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Book Description
Author: William F. Egan
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118171152
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
The latest frequency synthesis techniques, including sigma-delta,Diophantine, and all-digital Sigma-delta is a frequency synthesis technique that has risen inpopularity over the past decade due to its intensely digital natureand its ability to promote miniaturization. A continuation of thepopular Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock, Second Edition, thistimely resource provides a broad introduction to sigma-delta bypairing practical simulation results with cutting-edge research.Advanced Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock discusses bothsigma-delta and fractional-n—the still-in-use forerunner tosigma-delta—employing Simulink® models and detailedsimulations of results to promote a deeper understanding. After a brief introduction, the book shows how spurs areproduced at the synthesizer output by the basic process anddifferent methods for overcoming them. It investigates how variousdefects in sigma-delta synthesis contribute to spurs or noise inthe synthesized signal. Synthesizer configurations are analyzed,and it is revealed how to trade off the various noise sources bychoosing loop parameters. Other sigma-delta synthesis architecturesare then reviewed. The Simulink simulation models that provided data for thepreceding discussions are described, providing guidance in makinguse of such models for further exploration. Next, another methodfor achieving wide loop bandwidth simultaneously with fineresolution—the Diophantine Frequency Synthesizer—isintroduced. Operation at extreme bandwidths is also covered,further describing the analysis of synthesizers that push theirbandwidths close to the sampling-frequency limit. Lastly, the bookreviews a newly important technology that is poised to becomewidely used in high-production consumerelectronics—all-digital frequency synthesis. Detailed appendices provide in-depth discussion on variousstages of development, and many related resources are available fordownload, including Simulink models, MATLAB® scripts,spreadsheets, and executable programs. All these features make thisauthoritative reference ideal for electrical engineers who want toachieve an understanding of sigma-delta frequency synthesis and anawareness of the latest developments in the field.
Author: Mücahit Kozak
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9781402074202
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 226
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Book Description
Oversampled Delta-Sigma Modulators: Analysis, Applications, and Novel Topologies presents theorems and their mathematical proofs for the exact analysis of the quantization noise in delta-sigma modulators. Extensive mathematical equations are included throughout the book to analyze both single-stage and multi-stage architectures. It has been proved that appropriately set initial conditions generate tone free output, provided that the modulator order is at least three. These results are applied to the design of a Fractional-N PLL frequency synthesizer to produce spurious free RF waveforms. Furthermore, the book also presents time-interleaved topologies to increase the conversion bandwidth of delta-sigma modulators. The topologies have been generalized for any interleaving number and modulator order. The book is full of design and analysis techniques and contains sufficient detail that enables readers with little background in the subject to easily follow the material in it.
Author: Thomas M. Soldner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 55
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Book Description
Author: Jouko Vankka
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 147573395X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 212
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Book Description
A major advantage of a direct digital synthesizer is that its output frequency, phase and amplitude can be precisely and rapidly manipulated under digital processor control. This book was written to find possible applications for radio communication systems.
