Author: Bert van Dam
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780905705880
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 437
Book Description
This book contains 50 fun and exciting projects for PIC microcontrollers such as a laser alarm, USB teasing mouse, egg timer, youth repellent, sound switch, capacitive liquid level gauge, "finger in the water" sensor, guarding a room using a camera, mains light dimmer (110-240 volts), talking microcontroller and much more. You can use this book to build the projects for your own use. The clear explanations, schematics and even pictures of each project make this a fun activity. For each project the theory is discussed and why the project has been executed in that particular way. Several different techniques are discussed such as relay, alternating current control including mains, I2C, SPI, RS232, USB, pulse width modulation, rotary encoder, interrupts, infrared, analogue-digital conversion (and the other way around), 7-segment display and even CAN bus.
50 PIC Microcontroller Projects
Author: Bert van Dam
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780905705880
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 437
Book Description
This book contains 50 fun and exciting projects for PIC microcontrollers such as a laser alarm, USB teasing mouse, egg timer, youth repellent, sound switch, capacitive liquid level gauge, "finger in the water" sensor, guarding a room using a camera, mains light dimmer (110-240 volts), talking microcontroller and much more. You can use this book to build the projects for your own use. The clear explanations, schematics and even pictures of each project make this a fun activity. For each project the theory is discussed and why the project has been executed in that particular way. Several different techniques are discussed such as relay, alternating current control including mains, I2C, SPI, RS232, USB, pulse width modulation, rotary encoder, interrupts, infrared, analogue-digital conversion (and the other way around), 7-segment display and even CAN bus.
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780905705880
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 437
Book Description
This book contains 50 fun and exciting projects for PIC microcontrollers such as a laser alarm, USB teasing mouse, egg timer, youth repellent, sound switch, capacitive liquid level gauge, "finger in the water" sensor, guarding a room using a camera, mains light dimmer (110-240 volts), talking microcontroller and much more. You can use this book to build the projects for your own use. The clear explanations, schematics and even pictures of each project make this a fun activity. For each project the theory is discussed and why the project has been executed in that particular way. Several different techniques are discussed such as relay, alternating current control including mains, I2C, SPI, RS232, USB, pulse width modulation, rotary encoder, interrupts, infrared, analogue-digital conversion (and the other way around), 7-segment display and even CAN bus.
Microcontroller Projects in C for the 8051
Author: Dogan Ibrahim
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 9780750646406
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
This book is a thoroughly practical way to explore the 8051 and discover C programming through project work. Through graded projects, Dogan Ibrahim introduces the reader to the fundamentals of microelectronics, the 8051 family, programming in C, and the use of a C compiler. The specific device used for examples is the AT89C2051 - a small, economical chip with re-writable memory, readily available from the major component suppliers. A working knowledge of microcontrollers, and how to program them, is essential for all students of electronics. In this rapidly expanding field many students and professionals at all levels need to get up to speed with practical microcontroller applications. Their rapid fall in price has made microcontrollers the most exciting and accessible new development in electronics for years - rendering them equally popular with engineers, electronics hobbyists and teachers looking for a fresh range of projects. Microcontroller Projects in C for the 8051 is an ideal resource for self-study as well as providing an interesting, enjoyable and easily mastered alternative to more theoretical textbooks. Practical projects that enable students and practitioners to get up and running straight away with 8051 microcontrollers A hands-on introduction to practical C programming A wealth of project ideas for students and enthusiasts
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 9780750646406
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 190
Book Description
This book is a thoroughly practical way to explore the 8051 and discover C programming through project work. Through graded projects, Dogan Ibrahim introduces the reader to the fundamentals of microelectronics, the 8051 family, programming in C, and the use of a C compiler. The specific device used for examples is the AT89C2051 - a small, economical chip with re-writable memory, readily available from the major component suppliers. A working knowledge of microcontrollers, and how to program them, is essential for all students of electronics. In this rapidly expanding field many students and professionals at all levels need to get up to speed with practical microcontroller applications. Their rapid fall in price has made microcontrollers the most exciting and accessible new development in electronics for years - rendering them equally popular with engineers, electronics hobbyists and teachers looking for a fresh range of projects. Microcontroller Projects in C for the 8051 is an ideal resource for self-study as well as providing an interesting, enjoyable and easily mastered alternative to more theoretical textbooks. Practical projects that enable students and practitioners to get up and running straight away with 8051 microcontrollers A hands-on introduction to practical C programming A wealth of project ideas for students and enthusiasts
SD Card Projects Using the PIC Microcontroller
Author: Dogan Ibrahim
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080961266
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 571
Book Description
PIC Microcontrollers are a favorite in industry and with hobbyists. These microcontrollers are versatile, simple, and low cost making them perfect for many different applications. The 8-bit PIC is widely used in consumer electronic goods, office automation, and personal projects. Author, Dogan Ibrahim, author of several PIC books has now written a book using the PIC18 family of microcontrollers to create projects with SD cards. This book is ideal for those practicing engineers, advanced students, and PIC enthusiasts that want to incorporate SD Cards into their devices. SD cards are cheap, fast, and small, used in many MP3 players, digital and video cameras, and perfect for microcontroller applications. Complete with Microchip's C18 student compiler and using the C language this book brings the reader up to speed on the PIC 18 and SD cards, knowledge which can then be harnessed for hands-on work with the eighteen projects included within. Two great technologies are brought together in this one practical, real-world, hands-on cookbook perfect for a wide range of PIC fans. - Eighteen fully worked SD projects in the C programming language - Details memory cards usage with the PIC18 family
Publisher: Newnes
ISBN: 0080961266
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 571
Book Description
PIC Microcontrollers are a favorite in industry and with hobbyists. These microcontrollers are versatile, simple, and low cost making them perfect for many different applications. The 8-bit PIC is widely used in consumer electronic goods, office automation, and personal projects. Author, Dogan Ibrahim, author of several PIC books has now written a book using the PIC18 family of microcontrollers to create projects with SD cards. This book is ideal for those practicing engineers, advanced students, and PIC enthusiasts that want to incorporate SD Cards into their devices. SD cards are cheap, fast, and small, used in many MP3 players, digital and video cameras, and perfect for microcontroller applications. Complete with Microchip's C18 student compiler and using the C language this book brings the reader up to speed on the PIC 18 and SD cards, knowledge which can then be harnessed for hands-on work with the eighteen projects included within. Two great technologies are brought together in this one practical, real-world, hands-on cookbook perfect for a wide range of PIC fans. - Eighteen fully worked SD projects in the C programming language - Details memory cards usage with the PIC18 family
PIC Projects for Non-Programmers
Author: John Iovine
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080879373
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
John Iovine has created his next masterwork with PIC Projects for Non-Programmers. Engineers and hobbyists new to the PIC who want to create something today will find a valuable resource in this book. By working through the accessible projects in this book, readers will use a symbolic compiler that allows them to create 'code' via flowcharts immediately, getting their projects up and running quickly! The ability to create applications with the PIC from day one makes this a real page turner and a highly satisfying introduction to microcontrollers for both novices and readers who need to build their skills. - Gets readers up and running fast with a quick review of basics and then onto ten tried-and-tested projects - No languages to learn: Simply drag and drop the icons, plug in the settings and the PIC will respond to the commands - Step by step guide to using Flowcode 4
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080879373
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 252
Book Description
John Iovine has created his next masterwork with PIC Projects for Non-Programmers. Engineers and hobbyists new to the PIC who want to create something today will find a valuable resource in this book. By working through the accessible projects in this book, readers will use a symbolic compiler that allows them to create 'code' via flowcharts immediately, getting their projects up and running quickly! The ability to create applications with the PIC from day one makes this a real page turner and a highly satisfying introduction to microcontrollers for both novices and readers who need to build their skills. - Gets readers up and running fast with a quick review of basics and then onto ten tried-and-tested projects - No languages to learn: Simply drag and drop the icons, plug in the settings and the PIC will respond to the commands - Step by step guide to using Flowcode 4
Programming 16-Bit PIC Microcontrollers in C
Author: Lucio Di Jasio
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1856178706
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 415
Book Description
This guide by Microchip insider Lucio Di Jasio teaches readers everything they need to know about the architecture of these new chips: how to program them, how to test them, and how to debug them.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1856178706
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 415
Book Description
This guide by Microchip insider Lucio Di Jasio teaches readers everything they need to know about the architecture of these new chips: how to program them, how to test them, and how to debug them.
DIY Microcontroller Projects for Hobbyists
Author: Miguel Angel Garcia-Ruiz
Publisher: Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1800569521
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
A practical guide to building PIC and STM32 microcontroller board applications with C and C++ programming Key FeaturesDiscover how to apply microcontroller boards in real life to create interesting IoT projectsCreate innovative solutions to help improve the lives of people affected by the COVID-19 pandemicDesign, build, program, and test microcontroller-based projects with the C and C++ programming languageBook Description We live in a world surrounded by electronic devices, and microcontrollers are the brains of these devices. Microcontroller programming is an essential skill in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), and this book helps you to get up to speed with it by working through projects for designing and developing embedded apps with microcontroller boards. DIY Microcontroller Projects for Hobbyists are filled with microcontroller programming C and C++ language constructs. You'll discover how to use the Blue Pill (containing a type of STM32 microcontroller) and Curiosity Nano (containing a type of PIC microcontroller) boards for executing your projects as PIC is a beginner-level board and STM-32 is an ARM Cortex-based board. Later, you'll explore the fundamentals of digital electronics and microcontroller board programming. The book uses examples such as measuring humidity and temperature in an environment to help you gain hands-on project experience. You'll build on your knowledge as you create IoT projects by applying more complex sensors. Finally, you'll find out how to plan for a microcontroller-based project and troubleshoot it. By the end of this book, you'll have developed a firm foundation in electronics and practical PIC and STM32 microcontroller programming and interfacing, adding valuable skills to your professional portfolio. What you will learnGet to grips with the basics of digital and analog electronicsDesign, build, program, and test a microcontroller-based systemUnderstand the importance and applications of STM32 and PIC microcontrollersDiscover how to connect sensors to microcontroller boardsFind out how to obtain sensor data via codingUse microcontroller boards in real life and practical projectsWho this book is for This STM32 PIC microcontroller book is for students, hobbyists, and engineers who want to explore the world of embedded systems and microcontroller programming. Beginners, as well as more experienced users of digital electronics and microcontrollers, will also find this book useful. Basic knowledge of digital circuits and C and C++ programming will be helpful but not necessary.
Publisher: Packt Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 1800569521
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 320
Book Description
A practical guide to building PIC and STM32 microcontroller board applications with C and C++ programming Key FeaturesDiscover how to apply microcontroller boards in real life to create interesting IoT projectsCreate innovative solutions to help improve the lives of people affected by the COVID-19 pandemicDesign, build, program, and test microcontroller-based projects with the C and C++ programming languageBook Description We live in a world surrounded by electronic devices, and microcontrollers are the brains of these devices. Microcontroller programming is an essential skill in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), and this book helps you to get up to speed with it by working through projects for designing and developing embedded apps with microcontroller boards. DIY Microcontroller Projects for Hobbyists are filled with microcontroller programming C and C++ language constructs. You'll discover how to use the Blue Pill (containing a type of STM32 microcontroller) and Curiosity Nano (containing a type of PIC microcontroller) boards for executing your projects as PIC is a beginner-level board and STM-32 is an ARM Cortex-based board. Later, you'll explore the fundamentals of digital electronics and microcontroller board programming. The book uses examples such as measuring humidity and temperature in an environment to help you gain hands-on project experience. You'll build on your knowledge as you create IoT projects by applying more complex sensors. Finally, you'll find out how to plan for a microcontroller-based project and troubleshoot it. By the end of this book, you'll have developed a firm foundation in electronics and practical PIC and STM32 microcontroller programming and interfacing, adding valuable skills to your professional portfolio. What you will learnGet to grips with the basics of digital and analog electronicsDesign, build, program, and test a microcontroller-based systemUnderstand the importance and applications of STM32 and PIC microcontrollersDiscover how to connect sensors to microcontroller boardsFind out how to obtain sensor data via codingUse microcontroller boards in real life and practical projectsWho this book is for This STM32 PIC microcontroller book is for students, hobbyists, and engineers who want to explore the world of embedded systems and microcontroller programming. Beginners, as well as more experienced users of digital electronics and microcontrollers, will also find this book useful. Basic knowledge of digital circuits and C and C++ programming will be helpful but not necessary.
PIC Microcontrollers
Author: Bert Van Dam
Publisher: Publitronic-Elektor
ISBN: 9780905705705
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 446
Book Description
This hands-on book covers a series of exciting and fun projects with PIC microcontrollers. For example a silent alarm, a people sensor, a radar, a night buzzer, a VU meter, a RGB fader, a serial network, a poetry box and a sound super-compression. You can build over 50 projects for your own use. The clear explanations, schematics, and pictures of each project on a breadboard make this a fun activity. You can also use this book as a study guide. The technical background information in each project explains why the project is set up the way it is, including the use of datasheets. This way youll learn a lot about the project and the microcontroller being used, and you can expand the project to suit your own need . . . making it ideal for use in schools and colleges. This book can also be used as a reference guide. The explanation of the JAL programming language and all of the expansion libraries used is unique and found nowhere else. Using the index, you can easily locate projects that serve as examples for the main commands. But even after you have built all the projects it will still be a valuable reference guide to keep next to your PC. Four microcontrollers are discussed, the 12f675, 16f628, 16f876A, and 16f877, as well as how to migrate programs from one microcontroller to another. All software used in this book can be downloaded for free, including all of the source code, a program editor, and the JAL open source programming language. This powerful and yet easy to learn language is used by hobbyists and professionals world-wide. A hardware kit is also available for purchase separately that contains all the parts to get you started, including a few microcontrollers. There is even a free support website with additional information, FAQ, and links.
Publisher: Publitronic-Elektor
ISBN: 9780905705705
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 446
Book Description
This hands-on book covers a series of exciting and fun projects with PIC microcontrollers. For example a silent alarm, a people sensor, a radar, a night buzzer, a VU meter, a RGB fader, a serial network, a poetry box and a sound super-compression. You can build over 50 projects for your own use. The clear explanations, schematics, and pictures of each project on a breadboard make this a fun activity. You can also use this book as a study guide. The technical background information in each project explains why the project is set up the way it is, including the use of datasheets. This way youll learn a lot about the project and the microcontroller being used, and you can expand the project to suit your own need . . . making it ideal for use in schools and colleges. This book can also be used as a reference guide. The explanation of the JAL programming language and all of the expansion libraries used is unique and found nowhere else. Using the index, you can easily locate projects that serve as examples for the main commands. But even after you have built all the projects it will still be a valuable reference guide to keep next to your PC. Four microcontrollers are discussed, the 12f675, 16f628, 16f876A, and 16f877, as well as how to migrate programs from one microcontroller to another. All software used in this book can be downloaded for free, including all of the source code, a program editor, and the JAL open source programming language. This powerful and yet easy to learn language is used by hobbyists and professionals world-wide. A hardware kit is also available for purchase separately that contains all the parts to get you started, including a few microcontrollers. There is even a free support website with additional information, FAQ, and links.
Programming PIC Microcontrollers with XC8
Author: Armstrong Subero
Publisher: Apress
ISBN: 1484232739
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 444
Book Description
Learn how to use microcontrollers without all the frills and math. This book uses a practical approach to show you how to develop embedded systems with 8 bit PIC microcontrollers using the XC8 compiler. It's your complete guide to understanding modern PIC microcontrollers. Are you tired of copying and pasting code into your embedded projects? Do you want to write your own code from scratch for microcontrollers and understand what your code is doing? Do you want to move beyond the Arduino? Then Programming PIC Microcontrollers with XC8 is for you! Written for those who want more than an Arduino, but less than the more complex microcontrollers on the market, PIC microcontrollers are the next logical step in your journey. You'll also see the advantage that MPLAB X offers by running on Windows, MAC and Linux environments. You don't need to be a command line expert to work with PIC microcontrollers, so you can focus less on setting up your environment and more on your application. What You’ll Learn Set up the MPLAB X and XC8 compilers for microcontroller development Use GPIO and PPS Review EUSART and Software UART communications Use the eXtreme Low Power (XLP) options of PIC microcontrollers Explore wireless communications with WiFi and Bluetooth Who This Book Is For Those with some basic electronic device and some electronic equipment and knowledge. This book assumes knowledge of the C programming language and basic knowledge of digital electronics though a basic overview is given for both. A complete newcomer can follow along, but this book is heavy on code, schematics and images and focuses less on the theoretical aspects of using microcontrollers. This book is also targeted to students wanting a practical overview of microcontrollers outside of the classroom.
Publisher: Apress
ISBN: 1484232739
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 444
Book Description
Learn how to use microcontrollers without all the frills and math. This book uses a practical approach to show you how to develop embedded systems with 8 bit PIC microcontrollers using the XC8 compiler. It's your complete guide to understanding modern PIC microcontrollers. Are you tired of copying and pasting code into your embedded projects? Do you want to write your own code from scratch for microcontrollers and understand what your code is doing? Do you want to move beyond the Arduino? Then Programming PIC Microcontrollers with XC8 is for you! Written for those who want more than an Arduino, but less than the more complex microcontrollers on the market, PIC microcontrollers are the next logical step in your journey. You'll also see the advantage that MPLAB X offers by running on Windows, MAC and Linux environments. You don't need to be a command line expert to work with PIC microcontrollers, so you can focus less on setting up your environment and more on your application. What You’ll Learn Set up the MPLAB X and XC8 compilers for microcontroller development Use GPIO and PPS Review EUSART and Software UART communications Use the eXtreme Low Power (XLP) options of PIC microcontrollers Explore wireless communications with WiFi and Bluetooth Who This Book Is For Those with some basic electronic device and some electronic equipment and knowledge. This book assumes knowledge of the C programming language and basic knowledge of digital electronics though a basic overview is given for both. A complete newcomer can follow along, but this book is heavy on code, schematics and images and focuses less on the theoretical aspects of using microcontrollers. This book is also targeted to students wanting a practical overview of microcontrollers outside of the classroom.
Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers
Author: Tim Wilmshurst
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080468144
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 583
Book Description
Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers: Principles and Applications is a hands-on introduction to the principles and practice of embedded system design using the PIC microcontroller. Packed with helpful examples and illustrations, the book provides an in-depth treatment of microcontroller design as well as programming in both assembly language and C, along with advanced topics such as techniques of connectivity and networking and real-time operating systems. In this one book students get all they need to know to be highly proficient at embedded systems design. This text combines embedded systems principles with applications, using the16F84A, 16F873A and the 18F242 PIC microcontrollers. Students learn how to apply the principles using a multitude of sample designs and design ideas, including a robot in the form of an autonomous guide vehicle. Coverage between software and hardware is fully balanced, with full presentation given to microcontroller design and software programming, using both assembler and C. The book is accompanied by a companion website containing copies of all programs and software tools used in the text and a 'student' version of the C compiler. This textbook will be ideal for introductory courses and lab-based courses on embedded systems, microprocessors using the PIC microcontroller, as well as more advanced courses which use the 18F series and teach C programming in an embedded environment. Engineers in industry and informed hobbyists will also find this book a valuable resource when designing and implementing both simple and sophisticated embedded systems using the PIC microcontroller. *Gain the knowledge and skills required for developing today's embedded systems, through use of the PIC microcontroller.*Explore in detail the 16F84A, 16F873A and 18F242 microcontrollers as examples of the wider PIC family.*Learn how to program in Assembler and C.*Work through sample designs and design ideas, including a robot in the form of an autonomous guided vehicle.*Accompanied by a CD-ROM containing copies of all programs and software tools used in the text and a 'student' version of the C complier.
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080468144
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 583
Book Description
Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers: Principles and Applications is a hands-on introduction to the principles and practice of embedded system design using the PIC microcontroller. Packed with helpful examples and illustrations, the book provides an in-depth treatment of microcontroller design as well as programming in both assembly language and C, along with advanced topics such as techniques of connectivity and networking and real-time operating systems. In this one book students get all they need to know to be highly proficient at embedded systems design. This text combines embedded systems principles with applications, using the16F84A, 16F873A and the 18F242 PIC microcontrollers. Students learn how to apply the principles using a multitude of sample designs and design ideas, including a robot in the form of an autonomous guide vehicle. Coverage between software and hardware is fully balanced, with full presentation given to microcontroller design and software programming, using both assembler and C. The book is accompanied by a companion website containing copies of all programs and software tools used in the text and a 'student' version of the C compiler. This textbook will be ideal for introductory courses and lab-based courses on embedded systems, microprocessors using the PIC microcontroller, as well as more advanced courses which use the 18F series and teach C programming in an embedded environment. Engineers in industry and informed hobbyists will also find this book a valuable resource when designing and implementing both simple and sophisticated embedded systems using the PIC microcontroller. *Gain the knowledge and skills required for developing today's embedded systems, through use of the PIC microcontroller.*Explore in detail the 16F84A, 16F873A and 18F242 microcontrollers as examples of the wider PIC family.*Learn how to program in Assembler and C.*Work through sample designs and design ideas, including a robot in the form of an autonomous guided vehicle.*Accompanied by a CD-ROM containing copies of all programs and software tools used in the text and a 'student' version of the C complier.
PIC in Practice
Author: David W Smith
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 008046498X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
PIC in Practice is a graded course based around the practical use of the PIC microcontroller through project work. Principles are introduced gradually, through hands-on experience, enabling students to develop their understanding at their own pace. Dave Smith has based the book on his popular short courses on the PIC for professionals, students and teachers at Manchester Metropolitan University. The result is a graded text, formulated around practical exercises, which truly guides the reader from square one. The book can be used at a variety of levels and the carefully graded projects make it ideal for colleges, schools and universities. Newcomers to the PIC will find it a painless introduction, whilst electronics hobbyists will enjoy the practical nature of this first course in microcontrollers. PIC in Practice introduces applications using the popular 16F84 device as well as the 16F627, 16F877, 12C508, 12C629 and 12C675. In this new edition excellent coverage is given to the 16F818, with additional information on writing and documenting software. - Gentle introduction to using PICs for electronic applications - Principles and programming introduced through graded projects - Thoroughly up-to-date with new chapters on the 16F818 and writing and documenting programs
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 008046498X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 319
Book Description
PIC in Practice is a graded course based around the practical use of the PIC microcontroller through project work. Principles are introduced gradually, through hands-on experience, enabling students to develop their understanding at their own pace. Dave Smith has based the book on his popular short courses on the PIC for professionals, students and teachers at Manchester Metropolitan University. The result is a graded text, formulated around practical exercises, which truly guides the reader from square one. The book can be used at a variety of levels and the carefully graded projects make it ideal for colleges, schools and universities. Newcomers to the PIC will find it a painless introduction, whilst electronics hobbyists will enjoy the practical nature of this first course in microcontrollers. PIC in Practice introduces applications using the popular 16F84 device as well as the 16F627, 16F877, 12C508, 12C629 and 12C675. In this new edition excellent coverage is given to the 16F818, with additional information on writing and documenting software. - Gentle introduction to using PICs for electronic applications - Principles and programming introduced through graded projects - Thoroughly up-to-date with new chapters on the 16F818 and writing and documenting programs